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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

How a Single Photon Can Act as Many Photons

Josiah Sinclair, Greg Dmochowski, Matin Hallaji, Amir Feizpour, Aephraim M. Steinberg

Published Jun 10, 2015• 0 citations
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Out of many atoms, one photon

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Physics•Aug 25, 2011•0 citations
Local quantum gates represent the basic building blocks of quantum computers. In the photonic domain, these gates act on individual photons and are usually implemented as single optical devices. In cases when the same gate is to be applied simultaneously to multiple photons, the corresponding physical implementation consists of a stack of identical devices. We present a systematic approach that allows one to replace this stack with a single device supplemented by pre- and post-processing stages. As a result, considerable savings in resources are obtained. We exemplify our scheme for the case of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of single photons and demonstrate the scheme for high-dimensional Pauli gates and their arbitrary powers. As a byproduct, we also present a simple argument that explicitly shows how to construct an arbitrary quantum gate acting on OAM of single photons, where only conventional optical elements are utilized.
It has been suggested that a single photon can interfere with itself even if the difference between the two paths in the interferometer is larger than the ``length'' of the photon [Kessel' and Moiseev, JETP Lett. 58, 81 (1993)]. The interference is regained by detecting the photons using a photon-echo process, where the absorbing atoms will, effectively, act as narrow-band filters. Such an experiment has several unique features. For example, single photons are used to carry out what is generally regarded as a multiphoton process; the absorption of a single photon can be regarded as separated into two different moments in time; the fact that the single-photon interference is regained using atoms acting as narrow-band filters as the detector means that the control of the detection process is quite different from cases where electronic (or possibly photographic) detection is used to register the interference etc. In general, interference and absorption are combined and intertwined in the experiment, which is discussed in this paper, in a way that has not been done before. In the present paper the possibility to carry out such an experiment in practice is investigated in some detail. The signal strength is explicitly calculated and the results are compared with our experimental data for the case of many interfering photons. We imply that this result can readily be extrapolated to the single-photon situation. We analyze the material parameters that are important for carrying out the experiment and give specific examples of some suitable materials.