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Quantum Information and Computation

Quantum entanglement of Dirac field in background of an asymptotically flat static black hole

Jieci Wang, Qiyuan Pan, Songbai Chen, Jiliang Jing

Published Nov 1, 2010• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The entanglement of the Dirac field in the asymptotically flat black hole is investigated. Unlike the bosonic case in which the initial entanglement vanishes in the limit of infinite Hawking temperature, in this case the entanglement achieves a nonvanishing minimum values, which shows that the entanglement is never completely destroyed when black hole evaporates completely. Another interesting result is that the mutual information in this limit equals to just half of its own initial value, which may be an universal property for any fields.

DOI
10.26421/qic10.11-12-5

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Physics Letters B•Apr 12, 2014•20 citations
The entanglement of the Dirac field in the asymptotically flat black hole is investigated. Unlike the bosonic case in which the initial entanglement vanishes in the limit of infinite Hawking temperature, in this case the entanglement achieves a nonvanishing minimum values, which shows that the entanglement is never completely destroyed when black hole evaporates completely. Another interesting result is that the mutual information in this limit equals to just half of its own initial value, which may be an universal property for any fields.
The effect of the Hawking temperature on the entanglement and teleportation for the scalar field in a most general, static, and asymptotically flat black hole with spherical symmetry has been investigated. It has been shown that the same ``initial entanglement'' for the state parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and its ``normalized partners'' $\sqrt{1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}}$ will be degraded by the Hawking effect with increasing Hawking temperature along two different trajectories except for the maximally entangled state. In the infinite Hawking temperature limit, corresponding to the case of the black hole evaporating completely, the state no longer has distillable entanglement for any $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. It is interesting to note that the mutual information in this limit is equal to just half of the ``initially mutual information.'' It has also been demonstrated that the fidelity of teleportation decreases as the Hawking temperature increases, which indicates the degradation of entanglement.
In this paper, the effect of Hawking radiation on the multipartite entanglement of Dirac particles in the background of a Schwarzschild black hole is investigated. It is shown that all the 1-tangles decrease as the Hawking temperature grows, and the Coffman--Kundu--Wootters monogamy inequality is always saturated in this system. It is also shown that the entanglement's status of subsystems, which have the same quantum state, depend on its detector's position, and this proposition can be generalized to a multipartite system. Then, we find that the Hawking effect does not change the entanglement structure of the quantum state in Schwarzschild space-time. In addition, we discuss the distributions of quantum information and find that not only is the entanglement redistributed, but also the mutual information is distributed to the physical inaccessible region. At last, we calculate the mutual information of a NNN-qubit multipartite system, ${|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}⟩}_{123\dots{}N}={(\ensuremath{\beta}{|0⟩}^{\ensuremath{\bigotimes}N}+\sqrt{1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}{|1⟩}^{\ensuremath{\bigotimes}N})}_{123\dots{}N}$, and draw a conclusion that when the black hole approximates to evaporate completely the mutual information of this system will be close to $(N\ensuremath{-}1)/N$ of the original if a particle freely falls in toward a Schwarzschild black hole and locates near the event horizon, and the other particles remain in the asymptotically flat region.
The quantum discord and tripartite entanglement are discussed in the presence of an asymptotically flat static black holes. The total correlation, quantum discord and classical correlation exhibit decreasing behavior with increasing Hawking temperature. It is shown that the classical correlation is less than the quantum discord in the full range of Hawking temperature. The tripartite entanglements for Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and W-states also exhibit decreasing behavior with increasing Hawking temperature. At the infinite limit of Hawking temperature the tripartite entanglements for Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and W-states reduce to 52% and 33% of the corresponding values in the flat space limit, respectively.
In this work, the quantum discord and tripartite entanglement in the presence of an asymptotically flat static black hole are discussed. The total correlation, quantum discord, and classical correlation are found to exhibit decreasing behavior with increasing Hawking temperature. It is shown that the classical correlation is less than the quantum discord in the full range of Hawking temperature. The tripartite entanglements for Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) and W-states also exhibit decreasing behavior with increasing Hawking temperature. When the Hawking temperature approaches the infinite limit, the tripartite entanglements of the GHZ and W-states reduce, in terms of the π-tangle, to 52% and 33% of the corresponding values in the flat space limit, respectively.
Gravitational effects associated with black holes are widely believed to universally degrade quantum entanglement, with the loss of maximal entanglement being particularly severe and even irreversible for bosonic fields. In this work, we investigate the entanglement properties of the four-qubit cluster state (CL4CL_4CL4​) for fermionic fields in the curved spacetime of a Schwarzschild black hole. Remarkably, we uncover a counterintuitive phenomenon: as the Hawking temperature increases, quantum entanglement (111-333 tangle) of the CL4CL_4CL4​ state remains strictly constant, indicating a ``complete freezing of initially maximal entanglement". This constitutes the first explicit example in which maximal entanglement remains perfectly preserved in a black hole environment, defying the conventional expectation that gravitational effects can only suppress maximal quantum correlations. Moreover, our results indicate that, within a relativistic framework, the CL4CL_4CL4​ state constitutes a high-quality quantum resource with potential applications in relativistic quantum information processing, and may significantly improve the performance of such protocols.
In this Letter, we analytically explore the effect of the Hawking radiation on the quantum correlation and Bell non-locality for Dirac particles in the background of Schwarzschild black hole. It is shown that when the Hawking effect is almost nonexistent, corresponding to the case of an almost extreme black hole, the quantum properties of physically accessible state are the same for the initial situation. For finite Hawking temperature T, the accessible quantum correlation monotonously decreases along with increasing T owing to the thermal fields generated by the Hawking effect, and the accessible quantum non-locality will be disappeared when the Hawking temperature is more than a fixed value which increases with the parameter r of Werner state growing. Then we analyze the redistribution of quantum correlation, and find that for the case of the Hawking temperature being infinite, corresponding to the case of the black hole evaporating completely, the quantum correlation of physically accessible state is equal to the one of the inaccessible states. Moreover, due to the Pauli exclusion principle and the differences between Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein statistics, for the Dirac fields the accessible classical correlation decreases with increase of the Hawking temperature, which is different for the scalar fields. For Bell non-locality, we also find that the quantum non-locality is always extinct for physically inaccessible states, and the strength of the non-locality decreases with enlarging intensity of Hawking effect when the non-locality is existent in physically accessible state.