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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Quantum-limited measurements of ultracold atoms in an optical cavity

Sydney Schreppler, Nicolas Spethmann, Jonathan Kohler, Dan Stamper-Kurn

Published Jun 5, 2014• 0 citations
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A cloud of ultracold atoms trapped within the confines of a high-finesse optical cavity shakes from the pressure of the light that probes it. This form of measurement backaction, a central component of quantum measurement theory, is the subject of this dissertation. Enlisting the collective motion of ultracold atoms as the mechanical degree of freedom in a cavity optomechanical system, we reach settings cold and quiet enough to allow for the effects of measurement backaction to manifest. We report predictions for and experimental observa- tions of the Standard Quantum Limit for force sensitivity, optical ponderomotive squeezing, and the possibility of complex squeezing through generalized optical correlations.

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Hybrid quantum devices, in which dissimilar quantum systems are combined in order to attain qualities not available with either system alone, may enable far-reaching control in quantum measurement, sensing, and information processing. A paradigmatic example is trapped ultracold atoms, which offer excellent quantum coherent properties, coupled to nanoscale solid-state systems, which allow for strong interactions. We demonstrate a deterministic interface between a single trapped rubidium atom and a nanoscale photonic crystal cavity. Precise control over the atom's position allows us to probe the cavity near-field with a resolution below the diffraction limit and to observe large atom-photon coupling. This approach may enable the realization of integrated, strongly coupled quantum nano-optical circuits.

Science•Apr 26, 2013•514 citations
A cloud of ultracold atoms trapped within the confines of a high-finesse optical cavity shakes from the pressure of the light that probes it. This form of measurement backaction, a central component of quantum measurement theory, is the subject of this dissertation. Enlisting the collective motion of ultracold atoms as the mechanical degree of freedom in a cavity optomechanical system, we reach settings cold and quiet enough to allow for the effects of measurement backaction to manifest. We report predictions for and experimental observa- tions of the Standard Quantum Limit for force sensitivity, optical ponderomotive squeezing, and the possibility of complex squeezing through generalized optical correlations.
A common goal of recent research is the elucidation and control over quantum mechanical behavior in ever-larger physical systems. In this thesis I present an alternative target for investigating the quantum motion of macroscopic bodies: the collective motion of an ultracold atomic gas trapped within a high-finesse Fabry-Perot optical cavity in the single-atom strong-coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). When ultracold atoms are trapped in the Lamb-Dicke regime, the cavity-mode structure selects a single collective degree of freedom that is at once actuated by the optical forces from cavity probe light and measured by the cavity’s optical properties. Dispersive optical bistability arising from collective motion of the atomic medium was observed. Measurement of the collective motion was subject to quantum measurement backaction by the quantum force fluctuations of the cavity optical field. The strength and spectrum of these backaction force fluctuations was measured by quantifying the cavity-light-induced heating rate of the intracavity atomic ensemble, finding quantitative agreement with the expected heating rate from quantum optical fluctuations. Dynamical phenomena in the optomechanical system were explored experimentally and theoretically. Quantum limited measurements are discussed and were
Hybrid quantum devices, in which dissimilar quantum systems are combined in order to attain qualities not available with either system alone, may enable far-reaching control in quantum measurement, sensing, and information processing. A paradigmatic example is trapped ultracold atoms, which offer excellent quantum coherent properties, coupled to nanoscale solid-state systems, which allow for strong interactions. We demonstrate a deterministic interface between a single trapped rubidium atom and a nanoscale photonic crystal cavity. Precise control over the atom's position allows us to probe the cavity near-field with a resolution below the diffraction limit and to observe large atom-photon coupling. This approach may enable the realization of integrated, strongly coupled quantum nano-optical circuits.