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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Crossover between a laser-like state and a photon Bose-Einstein condensate

Martin Weitz, Julian Schmitt, Tobias Damm, Frank Vewinger, Jan Klaers

Published Jun 6, 2014• 0 citations
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We report a time-resolved study of the thermalization dynamics and the lasing to photon Bose-Einstein condensation crossover by in situ monitoring the photon kinetics in a dye microcavity. When the equilibration of the light to the dye temperature by absorption and reemission is faster than photon loss in the cavity, the optical spectrum becomes Bose-Einstein distributed and photons accumulate at low-energy states, forming a Bose-Einstein condensate. The thermalization of the photon gas and its evolution from nonequilibrium initial distributions to condensation is monitored in real time. In contrast, if photons leave the cavity before they thermalize, the system operates as a laser.
Many-body features caused by Coulomb correlations are of great importance for understanding phenomena pertaining to polariton systems in semiconductor microcavities, i.e. electron–hole–photon systems. Remarkable many-body effects are shown to exist in both thermal-equilibrium phases and non-equilibrium lasing states. We then show a unified framework for connecting the thermal-equilibrium and the non-equilibrium steady states based on a non-equilibrium Green's function approach. Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC)–Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS)-laser crossovers are investigated by using this approach.
Bose–Einstein condensation is a state of matter known to be responsible for peculiar properties exhibited by superfluid Helium-4 and superconductors. Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in its pure form is realizable with alkali atoms under ultra-cold temperatures. In this paper, we review the experimental scheme that demonstrates the atomic Bose–Einstein condensate. We also elaborate on the theoretical framework for atomic Bose–Einstein condensation, which includes statistical mechanics and the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. As an extension, we discuss Bose–Einstein condensation of photons realized in a fluorescent dye filled optical microcavity. We analyze this phenomenon based on the generalized Planck’s law in statistical mechanics. Further, a comparison is made between photon condensate and laser. We describe how photon condensate may be a possible alternative for lasers since it does not require an energy consuming population inversion process.