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Quantum fractals on n-spheres

Arkadiusz Jadczyk

Published Aug 14, 2006• 3 citations

Abstract

Using the Clifford algebra formalism we extend the quantum jumps algorithm of the Event Enhanced Quantum Theory (EEQT) to convex state figures other than those stemming from convex hulls of com-plex projective spaces that form the basis for the standard quantum theory. We study quantum jumps on n-dimensional spheres, jumps that are induced by symmetric configurations of non-commuting state monitoring detectors. The detectors cause quantum jumps via geomet-rically induced conformal maps (Möbius transformations) and realize iterated function systems (IFS) with fractal attractors located on n-dimensional spheres. We also extend the formalism to mixed states, represented by “density matrices ” in the standard formalism, (the n-balls), but such an extension does not lead to new results, as there is a natural mechanism of purification of states. As a numerical illustration we study quantum fractals on the circle (one-dimensional sphere and pentagon), two–sphere (octahedron), and on three-dimensional sphere (hypercube-tesseract, 24 cell, 600 cell, and 120 cell). The attractor, and the invariant measure on the attractor, are approximated by the powers of the Markov operator. In the appendices we discuss the Hamilton’s “icossian calculus ” and its application to quaternionic realization of the binary icosahedral group that is at the basis of the 600 cell and its dual, the 120 cell. 1 1

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Using the Clifford algebra formalism we extend the quantum jumps algorithm of the Event Enhanced Quantum Theory (EEQT) to convex state figures other than those stemming from convex hulls of com-plex projective spaces that form the basis for the standard quantum theory. We study quantum jumps on n-dimensional spheres, jumps that are induced by symmetric configurations of non-commuting state monitoring detectors. The detectors cause quantum jumps via geomet-rically induced conformal maps (Möbius transformations) and realize iterated function systems (IFS) with fractal attractors located on n-dimensional spheres. We also extend the formalism to mixed states, represented by “density matrices ” in the standard formalism, (the n-balls), but such an extension does not lead to new results, as there is a natural mechanism of purification of states. As a numerical illustration we study quantum fractals on the circle (one-dimensional sphere and pentagon), two–sphere (octahedron), and on three-dimensional sphere (hypercube-tesseract, 24 cell, 600 cell, and 120 cell). The attractor, and the invariant measure on the attractor, are approximated by the powers of the Markov operator. In the appendices we discuss the Hamilton’s “icossian calculus ” and its application to quaternionic realization of the binary icosahedral group that is at the basis of the 600 cell and its dual, the 120 cell. 1 1

Iterated Function Systems (IFS) generate invariant measures with fractal structures through the random iteration of a family of contraction mappings, servingas a standard framework for describing scale generation phenomena in classicalnonlinear dynamics. This paper generalizes classical IFS to the quantum domain,establishing a rigorous mathematical formulation of Quantum Iterated FunctionSystems (QIFS): classical contraction mappings are replaced by families of completely positive maps acting on the space of density operators, and the quantumattractor state is defined as the fixed point satisfying a self-similarity equation. Onthis basis, we prove that the rescaled position distribution of discrete-time quantum random walks with decoherence converges to a convex combination of normaldistributions, with the convergence rate controlled by the spectral gap of the superoperator. Furthermore, we establish a quantum-classical correspondence principle:in the limit of vanishing decoherence rate, the support of the Wigner function ofthe quantum attractor state converges in distribution to the classical IFS attractor,and the convergence exponents satisfy a scaling relation with the classical contraction rates. This framework unifies fractal geometry, quantum open systems, anddecoherence theory into a coherent generative language, providing a rigorous mathematical foundation for understanding scaling behavior in quantum informationprocessing.

An iterated function system (IFS) is defined by specifying a set of functions in a classical phase space, which act randomly on an initial point. In an analogous way, we define a quantum IFS (QIFS), where functions act randomly with prescribed probabilities in the Hilbert space. In a more general setting, a QIFS consists of completely positive maps acting in the space of density operators. This formalism is designed to describe certain problems of nonunitary quantum dynamics. We present exemplary classical IFSs, the invariant measure of which exhibits fractal structure, and study properties of the corresponding QIFSs and their invariant states.

Departing from classical concepts of ergodic theory, formulated in terms of probability densities, measures describing the mixing behavior and the loss of information in quantum open systems are proposed. As application we discuss the chaotic outcomes of continuous measurement processes in the EEQT framework. Simultaneous measurement of four noncommuting spin components is shown to lead to a chaotic jumps on the quantum spin sphere and to generate specific fractal images of a nonlinear iterated function system. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

We review Event Enhanced Quantum Theory (EEQT), discuss applications of EEQT to tunnelling time, and compare its quantitative predictions with other approaches, in particular with phase time and the Büttiker-Larmor approach. We discuss quantum chaos and quantum fractals resulting from simultaneous continuous monitoring of several non-commuting observables. In particular we show self-similar, nonlinear, iterated function system type, patterns arising from quantum jumps and from the associated Markov operator.

Understanding the geometry of state space is of fundamental interest in the field of quantum information, in particular to study entanglement. The states of a d dimensional system form a convex set in the d2−1 dimensional Euclidean space Rd2−1. For a two dimensional system this convex set is nothing but a solid unit sphere (Bloch sphere) with centre at the origin. The surface S of this unit sphere consists of all the pure states of the system. Every unitary transformation U ∈ SU(2) of the Hilbert space corresponds to an associated SO(3) rotation of this space. This kind of correspondence becomes much richer when we go to higher dimension. For example, in the d = 3 case the corresponding unitary group is the eight parameter group SU(3) whereas the rotation group in R is the 28 parameter group SO(8). Therefore, not every point on or inside the sphere S in R will correspond to a state of the system. So, not every rotation in R will correspond to a valid unitary transformation of the 3 dimensional Hilbert space. This gives us a fairly complex convex object as the set of all states. In order to gain insight into the structure of this state space, we study its two dimensional and three dimensional cross-sections. In particular, we describe in detail the discrete symmetries of a non-trivial 3-section of the convex set of states (density matrices) for three dimensional systems. This group turns out to be the same as that of a tetrahedron.