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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Observation of a single rare-earth ion in a crystal by electric-field modulation spectroscopy for a readout of a nuclear-spin qubit

Kouichi Ichimura, Hayato Goto, Satoshi Nakamura, Mamiko Kujiraoka

Published Mar 5, 2015• 0 citations
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Spectroscopy of a single rare-earth ion in a crystal at cryogenic temperature

一平 中村, Ippei Nakamura

•Mar 26, 2015•0 citations

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Spectroscopy in Ce3+:Y2SiO5 A preliminary investigation for a single ion readout scheme for quantum computation with rare-earth ion doped crystals

Julio E Hernández

Lund reports on atomic physics•Jan 1, 2006•1 citation

結晶中の単一希土類イオンの低温分光測定

中村, 一平, Ippei Nakamura

Centuries after ancient Greek philosophers pondered over the conceptual idea of atom to explain the universe, the concept of atom revived in France to establish stoichiometry.Nowadays, atoms and molecules are no longer conceptual ideas but their existence is a solid fact.Real atoms and molecules drive scientists to observe and to control behavior of individual atoms and molecules.Observation of photo-activity of a single quantum system in condensed media, so-called single-molecule spectroscopy, has initiated in 1989.Today, the single-molecule spectroscopy has enormous significance in the context of quantum information technologies, where the observation and the control of a quantum system are inseparable from each other. This thesis describes the single-ion spectroscopy of Rare-Earth (RE) ion doped in crystal.When cooled down to a few kelvins, the nuclear spin transition of RE ions doped in a crystal is known to be detected using its optical transition.RE ions have forbidden optical transitions between two 4 f electronic configurations with a long radiation lifetime reaching to 100 µs.The hyperfine splitting about 10 MHz due to the nuclear spin appears on the spectral line of the ions, whose linewidth narrows down to 10 kHz of its lifetime-limited width at a few K.Aiming at the optical detection and manipulation of a single RE nuclear spin quantum state, the author has consulted on the low-temperature spectroscopy of single praseodymium ions doped in a lanthanum trifluoride crystal (Pr 3+ :LaF 3 ).Spectroscopy of a single Pr 3+ requires the sensitivity enough to detect the weak luminescence due to the long radiation lifetime and the frequency resolution close to the narrow spectral linewidth of the ion.Thus, the author needed to build the cryogenic confocal microscope dedicated to carry out the single-ion spectroscopy of Pr 3+ :LaF 3 .A high performance objective for the cryogenic microscopy was newly developed with the numerical aperture of 0.97 and the detection efficiency of the confocal setup was as large as 0.48%.The excitation lightsource consists of a commercial continuous-wave diode laser and an optical Fabry-Perot cavity as the stable laser frequency reference.The laser linewidth was made narrower than Preface 0.4 MHz and the long-time stability of the output frequency was ±0.018 MHz/day.Photo-luminescence excitation measurement of individual Pr 3+ ions was demonstrated with a bulk crystal of 0.05% Pr 3+ -doped LaF 3 cooled down at 1.5 K. Spectral lines of the 3 H 4 → 3 P 0 transition of individual Pr 3+ ions were resolved as luminescence peaks with intensities of 20 -30 cps and the full-width at half-maximum of approximately 3 MHz at an excitation intensity of 80 W cm -2 .The population transfer of a single Pr nuclear spin was demonstrated via the optical pumping process of the ion.This study is the first success of the single-RE spectroscopy with a bulk crystal sample which contains multiple RE ions in the microscopic volume.It benefits future implementation of multi-qubit operations based on the ion-ion interaction to address the individual ions close in the sub-micrometer distance by the inhomogeneous distribution of their transition frequency.In application to nuclear spin qubit, qubit manipulation is conducted under the magnetic field to use Zeeman sub-levels.Because the Zeeman effect is anisotropic, the orientation of the magnetic field must be accurately controlled with respect to the host crystal.The experiment using the bulk crystal sample paves the way for the optical access to a single ion under the Zeeman field.The author believes this study established the first step to utilizing the RE-doped crystal as the solid-state quantum-information processor.This thesis is organized into five chapters.Chapter 1 introduces the significance and also the difficulty of the spectroscopy of single RE ions doped in a crystal.Chapter 2 covers physical and chemical properties of the sample material Pr 3+ :LaF 3 and the spectroscopic method to resolve individual Pr 3+ ions abundantly contained in the bulk crystal sample.Chapter 3 describes the development of the home-build cryogenic confocal setup to carry out the single-ion spectroscopy.Chapter 4 includes the results of the photo-luminescence excitation spectroscopy of Pr 3+ :LaF 3 at 1.5 K and the discussion about the success of the single-Pr 3+ detection and origins of observed spectral widths of individual ions.Chapter 5 summarizes the entire study and declares the outlook of quantum information processing using a RE-doped bulk crystal.

•Mar 1, 2015•0 citations

Probing the collective dynamics of nuclear spin bath in a rare-earth ion doped crystal

Zong‐Quan Zhou, Ma, Yu, Tu, Tao +13 more

Probing collective spin dynamics is a current challenge in the field of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and has important applications in material analysis and quantum information protocols. Recently, the rare-earth ion doped crystals are an attractive candidate for making long-lived quantum memory. Further enhancement of its performance would benefit from the direct knowledge on the dynamics of nuclear-spin bath in the crystal. Here we detect the collective dynamics of nuclear-spin bath located around the rare-earth ions in a crystal using dynamical decoupling spectroscopy method. From the measured spectrum, we analyze the configuration of the spin bath and characterize the flip-flop time between two correlated nuclear spins in a long time scale ($\sim $1s). Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate that the rare-earth ions can serve as a magnetic quantum sensor for external magnetic field. These results suggest that the rare-earth ion is a useful probe for complex spin dynamics in solids and enable quantum sensing in the low-frequency regime, revealing promising possibilities for applications in diverse fields.

arXiv:1803.03075•Mar 8, 2018•0 citations

Two-photon spectroscopy of rare-earth ions in crystals

A. G. Makhanek, R. I. Gintoft, L. A. Dzhuguryan +2 more

Journal of Applied Spectroscopy•Jun 1, 1984•2 citations
Centuries after ancient Greek philosophers pondered over the conceptual idea of atom to explain the universe, the concept of atom revived in France to establish stoichiometry.Nowadays, atoms and molecules are no longer conceptual ideas but their existence is a solid fact.Real atoms and molecules drive scientists to observe and to control behavior of individual atoms and molecules.Observation of photo-activity of a single quantum system in condensed media, so-called single-molecule spectroscopy, has initiated in 1989.Today, the single-molecule spectroscopy has enormous significance in the context of quantum information technologies, where the observation and the control of a quantum system are inseparable from each other. This thesis describes the single-ion spectroscopy of Rare-Earth (RE) ion doped in crystal.When cooled down to a few kelvins, the nuclear spin transition of RE ions doped in a crystal is known to be detected using its optical transition.RE ions have forbidden optical transitions between two 4 f electronic configurations with a long radiation lifetime reaching to 100 µs.The hyperfine splitting about 10 MHz due to the nuclear spin appears on the spectral line of the ions, whose linewidth narrows down to 10 kHz of its lifetime-limited width at a few K.Aiming at the optical detection and manipulation of a single RE nuclear spin quantum state, the author has consulted on the low-temperature spectroscopy of single praseodymium ions doped in a lanthanum trifluoride crystal (Pr 3+ :LaF 3 ).Spectroscopy of a single Pr 3+ requires the sensitivity enough to detect the weak luminescence due to the long radiation lifetime and the frequency resolution close to the narrow spectral linewidth of the ion.Thus, the author needed to build the cryogenic confocal microscope dedicated to carry out the single-ion spectroscopy of Pr 3+ :LaF 3 .A high performance objective for the cryogenic microscopy was newly developed with the numerical aperture of 0.97 and the detection efficiency of the confocal setup was as large as 0.48%.The excitation lightsource consists of a commercial continuous-wave diode laser and an optical Fabry-Perot cavity as the stable laser frequency reference.The laser linewidth was made narrower than Preface 0.4 MHz and the long-time stability of the output frequency was ±0.018 MHz/day.Photo-luminescence excitation measurement of individual Pr 3+ ions was demonstrated with a bulk crystal of 0.05% Pr 3+ -doped LaF 3 cooled down at 1.5 K. Spectral lines of the 3 H 4 → 3 P 0 transition of individual Pr 3+ ions were resolved as luminescence peaks with intensities of 20 -30 cps and the full-width at half-maximum of approximately 3 MHz at an excitation intensity of 80 W cm -2 .The population transfer of a single Pr nuclear spin was demonstrated via the optical pumping process of the ion.This study is the first success of the single-RE spectroscopy with a bulk crystal sample which contains multiple RE ions in the microscopic volume.It benefits future implementation of multi-qubit operations based on the ion-ion interaction to address the individual ions close in the sub-micrometer distance by the inhomogeneous distribution of their transition frequency.In application to nuclear spin qubit, qubit manipulation is conducted under the magnetic field to use Zeeman sub-levels.Because the Zeeman effect is anisotropic, the orientation of the magnetic field must be accurately controlled with respect to the host crystal.The experiment using the bulk crystal sample paves the way for the optical access to a single ion under the Zeeman field.The author believes this study established the first step to utilizing the RE-doped crystal as the solid-state quantum-information processor.This thesis is organized into five chapters.Chapter 1 introduces the significance and also the difficulty of the spectroscopy of single RE ions doped in a crystal.Chapter 2 covers physical and chemical properties of the sample material Pr 3+ :LaF 3 and the spectroscopic method to resolve individual Pr 3+ ions abundantly contained in the bulk crystal sample.Chapter 3 describes the development of the home-build cryogenic confocal setup to carry out the single-ion spectroscopy.Chapter 4 includes the results of the photo-luminescence excitation spectroscopy of Pr 3+ :LaF 3 at 1.5 K and the discussion about the success of the single-Pr 3+ detection and origins of observed spectral widths of individual ions.Chapter 5 summarizes the entire study and declares the outlook of quantum information processing using a RE-doped bulk crystal.
Probing collective spin dynamics is a current challenge in the field of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and has important applications in material analysis and quantum information protocols. Recently, the rare-earth ion doped crystals are an attractive candidate for making long-lived quantum memory. Further enhancement of its performance would benefit from the direct knowledge on the dynamics of nuclear-spin bath in the crystal. Here we detect the collective dynamics of nuclear-spin bath located around the rare-earth ions in a crystal using dynamical decoupling spectroscopy method. From the measured spectrum, we analyze the configuration of the spin bath and characterize the flip-flop time between two correlated nuclear spins in a long time scale ($\sim $1s). Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate that the rare-earth ions can serve as a magnetic quantum sensor for external magnetic field. These results suggest that the rare-earth ion is a useful probe for complex spin dynamics in solids and enable quantum sensing in the low-frequency regime, revealing promising possibilities for applications in diverse fields.