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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Ultracold Inelastic Collisions in Two Dimensions

Z. Li, Sergey Alyabyshev, Roman V. Krems

Published May 30, 2008• 0 citations
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Abstract

We show that cross sections for inelastic collisions of ultracold atoms or molecules confined by a harmonic potential have the same energy dependence as in pure 2D geometry. This indicates that chemical reactions and inelastic collisions may be suppressed in an ultracold gas under strong confinement in one dimension. We present a numerical proof of the threshold collision laws in 2D. Our results indicate that inelastic collisions in weak electromagnetic fields may be controlled by varying the orientation of the external field axis with respect to the plane of confinement.

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Ultracold Inelastic Collisions in Two Dimensions

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We show that cross sections for inelastic collisions of ultracold atoms or molecules confined by a harmonic potential have the same energy dependence as in pure 2D geometry. This indicates that chemical reactions and inelastic collisions may be suppressed in an ultracold gas under strong confinement in one dimension. We present a numerical proof of the threshold collision laws in 2D. Our results indicate that inelastic collisions in weak electromagnetic fields may be controlled by varying the orientation of the external field axis with respect to the plane of confinement.

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New mechanisms for external field control of microscopic interactions in ultracold gases

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This Thesis describes new mechanisms for controlling elastic and inelastic collisions of ultracold atoms and molecules with static electromagnetic and laser fields. The dynamical properties of ultracold atoms are usually tuned in experiments by applying an external magnetic field to induce a Feshbach resonance. The work presented in this Thesis demonstrates the possibility of inducing and manipulating Feshbach resonances with electric fields. We discuss in detail the mechanisms of electric-field-induced resonances in ultracold mixtures of alkali metal atoms and demonstrate that electric fields may shift and split the magnetic resonances. We show that electric fields may spin up the collision complex of ultracold atoms and induce anisotropic scattering which may be exploited in experiments on many-body dynamics of ultracold gaseous mixtures. The mechanisms of electric-field-induced resonances described in this Thesis allow for two-dimensional control of inter-particle interactions, leading to total control over ultracold gases. To guide future experiments, we generate accurate interaction potentials for ultracold Li--Rb mixtures by fitting positions and widths of experimentally measured Feshbach resonances. Ultracold atomic and molecular gases can be confined by laser fields in one or two dimensions which produces an optical lattice of ultracold particles. We develop a multichannel scattering theory for collisions of atoms and molecules in two dimensions and explore the effects of the confining laser potential on inelastic and reactive collisions of ultracold atoms and molecules in a 1D optical lattice. We show that ultracold collisions can be controlled in a quasi-2D geometry by varying the orientation of a magnetic field with respect to the confinement plane normal and demonstrate that the threshold energy dependence of cross sections for inelastic collisions in an optical lattice can be tuned by varying the confining potential and the magnetic field. Our results show that applying laser confinement in one dimension may stabilize ultracold systems with large scattering lengths, which may open up interesting opportunities for studies of ultracold controlled chemistry and might lead to a new research direction of ultracold chemistry in restricted geometries.

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Dynamics of cold molecules in electromagnetic fields

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The research field of cold and ultracold atoms and molecules is rapidly growing and expanding into different areas of research such as quantum information science and condensed matter physics. The success of this field is due to the possibility of precisely controlling and manipulating atoms and molecules at low temperatures. The progress in this field relies on the development of new methods for controlling collisional dynamics and interactions of particles with electromagnetic fields. This Thesis describes research on modification of the collisional dynamics of ultracold atoms and molecules by external laser and microwave fields as well as new methods for the detection of weak electromagnetic fields. First, we study the scattering of atoms and molecules confined in a 2D geometry by optical lattices. In particular we develop a theory for scattering in 2D and derive the equations for the threshold dependence of the collision cross sections. We show that inelastic processes and chemical reactions can be suppressed under strong confinement in one dimension and can be controlled by varying the orientation of the external field with respect to the plane of confinement. Next, we present a rigorous theory of low-temperature molecular collisions in the presence of a microwave field. The microwave field can theoretically be used to trap and control polar molecules. The molecular collisions may lead to trap loss and decoherence. We develop a rigorous quantum theory for molecular scattering in the presence of microwave fields. We study inelastic, spin-changing molecular collisions and Feshbach resonances in the presence of microwave fields. We demonstrate that inelastic collisions accompanied by absorption of microwave photons can be significant. The detection of weak electromagnetic fields is very important for various applications ranging from fundamental measurements to biomagnetic imaging, and for tests of microwave chips. We present a method for the detection of weak electromagnetic fields in a wide range of frequencies from sub-kHz to THz with ultracold polar molecules. We show that using ultracold molecules one can achieve the sensitivity of two orders of magnitude larger than with a similar method based on ultracold Rb atoms.

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Inelastic collisions in ultracold gases confined by one-dimensional optical lattices

Zhiying Li

We present a formalism for rigorous multichannel scattering calculations of cross sections for inelastic collisions of atoms and molecules confined in one-dimensional optical lattices. We obtain analytical expressions for the mean frequency of inelastic collisions in a confined gas in the temperature regime $T~\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ and at temperatures $T\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$, where $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the oscillation frequency of trapped particles in the confining potential. Our numerical calculations for the gaseous mixture of Li and Rb atoms show that inelastic collisions in the temperature regime $T~\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ exhibit a deviation from three-dimensional scattering. This deviation is more significant for systems with stronger confinement and larger scattering lengths. We find that the ratios of rate constants for inelastic scattering and elastic collisions are suppressed in confined gases at $T~\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$, and this suppression is significant for Li-Rb collisions at $T<40$ $\ensuremath{\mu}$K.

Physical Review A•Jan 14, 2010•2 citations
We show that cross sections for inelastic collisions of ultracold atoms or molecules confined by a harmonic potential have the same energy dependence as in pure 2D geometry. This indicates that chemical reactions and inelastic collisions may be suppressed in an ultracold gas under strong confinement in one dimension. We present a numerical proof of the threshold collision laws in 2D. Our results indicate that inelastic collisions in weak electromagnetic fields may be controlled by varying the orientation of the external field axis with respect to the plane of confinement.
We show that cross sections for inelastic collisions of ultracold atoms or molecules confined by a harmonic potential have the same energy dependence as in pure 2D geometry. This indicates that chemical reactions and inelastic collisions may be suppressed in an ultracold gas under strong confinement in one dimension. We present a numerical proof of the threshold collision laws in 2D. Our results indicate that inelastic collisions in weak electromagnetic fields may be controlled by varying the orientation of the external field axis with respect to the plane of confinement.
We present a formalism for rigorous calculations of cross sections for inelastic and reactive collisions of ultracold atoms and molecules confined by laser fields in quasi-two-dimensional geometry. Our results show that the elastic-to-inelastic ratios of collision cross sections are enhanced in the presence of a laser confinement and that the threshold energy dependence of the collision cross sections can be tuned by varying the confinement strength and external magnetic fields. The enhancement of the elastic-to-inelastic ratios is inversely proportional to $\sqrt{ϵ/\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}}$, where ϵϵϵ is the kinetic energy and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ is the oscillation frequency of the trapped particles in the confinement potential.
We present a formalism for rigorous calculations of cross sections for inelastic and reactive collisions of ultracold atoms and molecules confined by laser fields in quasi-2D geometry. Our results show that the elastic-to-inelastic ratios of collision cross sections are enhanced in the presence of a laser confinement and that the threshold energy dependence of the collision cross sections can be tuned by varying the confinement strength and external magnetic fields. The enhancement of the elastic-to-inelastic ratios is inversely proportional to ε/ℏω0\sqrt{ε/\hbar ω_0}ε/ℏω0​​, where εεε is the kinetic energy and ω0ω_0ω0​ is the oscillation frequency of the trapped particles in the confinement potential.
This Thesis describes new mechanisms for controlling elastic and inelastic collisions of ultracold atoms and molecules with static electromagnetic and laser fields. The dynamical properties of ultracold atoms are usually tuned in experiments by applying an external magnetic field to induce a Feshbach resonance. The work presented in this Thesis demonstrates the possibility of inducing and manipulating Feshbach resonances with electric fields. We discuss in detail the mechanisms of electric-field-induced resonances in ultracold mixtures of alkali metal atoms and demonstrate that electric fields may shift and split the magnetic resonances. We show that electric fields may spin up the collision complex of ultracold atoms and induce anisotropic scattering which may be exploited in experiments on many-body dynamics of ultracold gaseous mixtures. The mechanisms of electric-field-induced resonances described in this Thesis allow for two-dimensional control of inter-particle interactions, leading to total control over ultracold gases. To guide future experiments, we generate accurate interaction potentials for ultracold Li--Rb mixtures by fitting positions and widths of experimentally measured Feshbach resonances. Ultracold atomic and molecular gases can be confined by laser fields in one or two dimensions which produces an optical lattice of ultracold particles. We develop a multichannel scattering theory for collisions of atoms and molecules in two dimensions and explore the effects of the confining laser potential on inelastic and reactive collisions of ultracold atoms and molecules in a 1D optical lattice. We show that ultracold collisions can be controlled in a quasi-2D geometry by varying the orientation of a magnetic field with respect to the confinement plane normal and demonstrate that the threshold energy dependence of cross sections for inelastic collisions in an optical lattice can be tuned by varying the confining potential and the magnetic field. Our results show that applying laser confinement in one dimension may stabilize ultracold systems with large scattering lengths, which may open up interesting opportunities for studies of ultracold controlled chemistry and might lead to a new research direction of ultracold chemistry in restricted geometries.
The research field of cold and ultracold atoms and molecules is rapidly growing and expanding into different areas of research such as quantum information science and condensed matter physics. The success of this field is due to the possibility of precisely controlling and manipulating atoms and molecules at low temperatures. The progress in this field relies on the development of new methods for controlling collisional dynamics and interactions of particles with electromagnetic fields. This Thesis describes research on modification of the collisional dynamics of ultracold atoms and molecules by external laser and microwave fields as well as new methods for the detection of weak electromagnetic fields. First, we study the scattering of atoms and molecules confined in a 2D geometry by optical lattices. In particular we develop a theory for scattering in 2D and derive the equations for the threshold dependence of the collision cross sections. We show that inelastic processes and chemical reactions can be suppressed under strong confinement in one dimension and can be controlled by varying the orientation of the external field with respect to the plane of confinement. Next, we present a rigorous theory of low-temperature molecular collisions in the presence of a microwave field. The microwave field can theoretically be used to trap and control polar molecules. The molecular collisions may lead to trap loss and decoherence. We develop a rigorous quantum theory for molecular scattering in the presence of microwave fields. We study inelastic, spin-changing molecular collisions and Feshbach resonances in the presence of microwave fields. We demonstrate that inelastic collisions accompanied by absorption of microwave photons can be significant. The detection of weak electromagnetic fields is very important for various applications ranging from fundamental measurements to biomagnetic imaging, and for tests of microwave chips. We present a method for the detection of weak electromagnetic fields in a wide range of frequencies from sub-kHz to THz with ultracold polar molecules. We show that using ultracold molecules one can achieve the sensitivity of two orders of magnitude larger than with a similar method based on ultracold Rb atoms.
We present a formalism for rigorous multichannel scattering calculations of cross sections for inelastic collisions of atoms and molecules confined in one-dimensional optical lattices. We obtain analytical expressions for the mean frequency of inelastic collisions in a confined gas in the temperature regime $T~\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ and at temperatures $T\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$, where $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the oscillation frequency of trapped particles in the confining potential. Our numerical calculations for the gaseous mixture of Li and Rb atoms show that inelastic collisions in the temperature regime $T~\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ exhibit a deviation from three-dimensional scattering. This deviation is more significant for systems with stronger confinement and larger scattering lengths. We find that the ratios of rate constants for inelastic scattering and elastic collisions are suppressed in confined gases at $T~\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$, and this suppression is significant for Li-Rb collisions at T<40T<40T<40 $\ensuremath{\mu}$K.