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Journal of Alloys and Compounds

Two-wavelength two-photon process for optical selection of rare-earth ions

Xinyue Li, Shaoshuai Zhou, Xiantao Wei, Fangfang Hu, Yanguang Qin, Yonghu Chen, Min Yin, Chang‐Kui Duan

Published Nov 24, 2015• 6 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.11.135

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In this thesis, we study the single-photon source using a rare-earth (RE) ion doped in a tapered fiber.Single-photon sources are key components for various optical quantum information technologies, and the development of low-cost single-photon sources has been desired for their implementation.A wide variety of emitters for single-photon sources have been studied.Among these emitters, RE ions have attracted much attention as single-photon emitters due to their high stability of luminescence and the sharpness of the emission spectrum with 4f transitions.In our single-photon source, we obtain spatially isolated single RE ions, which are separated from each other beyond the diffraction limit by tapering a commercially available RE-ion-doped silica fiber.RE ions doped in the silica fiber can be optically activated at room temperature.Therefore, our single-photon source does not need cryogenic systems.In addition, the emission wavelength can be selected based on the type of RE ions doped in the fiber.These features of our single-photon source enable the development of a low-cost and wavelength-selectable source.We performed the autocorrelation measurements using a neodymium (Nd 3+ ) ion in the tapered fiber, and showed the generation of single photons from the ion.In addition, we proposed a method to selectively excite a single RE ion in the tapered fiber, which can directly generate single photons within the tapered fiber, and collect them through the tapered fiber with high collection and channeling efficiencies.Generating single photons with this excitation method is proved by the autocorrelation measurements.We also observed the optical properties of the single photon emitted from the single Nd 3+ ion in the tapered fiber, such as the fluorescence lifetime, saturation intensity and polarization states.The fluorescence lifetime is one of the most important parameters for a single-photon source because this parameter is closely related to the emission rate.We observed the fluorescence lifetime of the single Nd 3+ ion in the tapered silica fiber and an 1 ensemble of the Nd 3+ ion in the unstructured silica fiber.The saturation power of the excitation laser and the saturated fluorescence intensity tell us the appropriate excitation power for generating single photons with high signal-to-noise ratio.Here, we measured the relationship between the fluorescence intensity from the single Nd 3+ ion and the power of the excitation light.In addition, the polarization state of the single photons emitted from the single Nd 3+ ion in the tapered fiber was observed.Our results will lead to the implementation of the low-cost and wavelength-selectable single-photon source to realize various optical quantum information technologies.
The absorption of a single photon by the simultaneous excitation of two rare-earth ions was first reported by Varsanyi and Dieke in 1961.1 D. L. Dexter explained this unusual observation by including the electron-electron interactions (that also give rise to energy transfer) between the rare earth ions with perturbation theory.2 In the 70's Dexter became interested in electronic-vibrational coupling. A theory of two-center optical transitions was developed for a rare-earth ion weakly coupled to a high energy, internal vibrational mode of a near-lying ion.3 Using theoretical techniques that had been developed for rare-earth ion pairs, intensities and selection rules could be determined.
The realization of single-photon generation is important for implementing various quantum information technologies. The use of rare-earth ions in an optical fiber is a promising single-photon generation method due to its ability to operate at room temperature as well as the low cost involved. Neodymium ions are especially interesting because the ions are one of the most commercially affordable rare-earth materials in the current industry. The neodymium ion also has the advantage of having a rich energy level structure, which offers several possible wavelengths for emitted single photons from visible to near-telecommunication wavelengths. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrated single-photon generation using an isolated single neodymium ion in tapered silica fiber at room temperature. Our results have significant implications as a platform for low-cost wavelength-selectable single-photon sources and photonic quantum applications.