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CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FOUR WAVE MIXING IN AN INTEGRATED SILICON NITRIDE PLATFORM

Gil Triginer

Published Dec 19, 2014• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

[ANGLÈS] Integrated photonics provide a very versatile platform for nonlinear optics experiments, due to the tight field confinement that high index contrast structures offer and their great degree of tunability. Two applications of optical four wave mixing, namely squeezed light generation and optical coherence control, are studied and original theoretical results are presented. A silicon nitride platform for integrated nonlinear optics is then developed and devices are designed to demonstrate two mode squeezing generation, as well as optical data frequency conversion and a metrology application.

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[ANGLÈS] Integrated photonics provide a very versatile platform for nonlinear optics experiments, due to the tight field confinement that high index contrast structures offer and their great degree of tunability. Two applications of optical four wave mixing, namely squeezed light generation and optical coherence control, are studied and original theoretical results are presented. A silicon nitride platform for integrated nonlinear optics is then developed and devices are designed to demonstrate two mode squeezing generation, as well as optical data frequency conversion and a metrology application.
Squeezed light constitutes a key resource for quantum optical technologies including quantum sensing, computing, communication and metrology. For many applications the generation of squeezed light typically requires at least two nonlinear optical stages involving careful phase and frequency matching to achieve the required mixing of squeezed and coherent light. In our work, we introduce an on-chip system that simplifies the generation of coherent-squeezed light, utilizing only a single squeezing stage. We achieve this by pumping a silicon nitride (Si3N4\mathrm{Si_3N_4}Si3​N4​) microring resonator to produce single-mode squeezed light through four-wave mixing at the same frequency as the pump mode, leveraging the inherent χ(3)χ^{(3)}χ(3)-nonlinearity of the Si3N4\mathrm{Si_3N_4}Si3​N4​ resonator. Our on-chip system demonstrates a squeezing of -4.7 dB with a clear perspective towards -10 dB squeezing. We also provide a theoretical model that describes the straightforward yet robust generation of single-mode squeezing at the injection locking point of the ring resonator. In fact, we show that a design with a normal dispersion can be used for robust generation of bright squeezed light without the need for careful suppression of unwanted nonlinear processes. Overall, our findings highlight an approach which drastically simplifies the generation of coherent-squeezed light in photonic integrated circuits.
Photonic molecules are systems of coupled optical resonators, or of deliberately coupled modes within one resonator, whose collective states have engineered frequencies, lifetimes and optical access. Integration on silicon, silicon nitride, thin-film lithium niobate and hybrid platforms has turned them from spectroscopic objects into circuit elements for filtering, frequency conversion, nonlinear light generation, lasing and sensing. This review covers the physics and the state of the art of integrated photonic molecules. We first introduce the temporal coupled-mode description of a two-resonator molecule and the quantities used to characterize it: mode splitting, linewidth and their ratio. We then review each platform: thermally tuned and photonic-crystal molecules in silicon for compact spectral processing, spectrometry and sensing; low-loss silicon nitride molecules for soliton and parametric generation, squeezed light and narrow-linewidth Brillouin lasing; and electro-optic molecules in lithium niobate and hybrid stacks for programmable two-level dynamics, frequency shifting, comb generation and transduction. Non-Hermitian and active molecules, including exceptional-point devices and coupled lasers, are treated separately. Comparison tables collect the reported metrics together with their operating conditions. We close with the open problems of calibration, stability and packaging and with prospects in microwave photonics and quantum technologies.
Resonant devices are an integral component of the integrated silicon photonics platform, with applications in filters, switches, modulators, delays, sensors etc. High index contrast SOI waveguides can be used to form compact micro-ring resonators with bend radii on the order of micro-meters. This work describes the application of micro-ring resonators in linear and nonlinear silicon photonics. We describe the use of higher-order coupled resonators for use as ultra-high contrast pass-band filters with close to 100 dB extinction. Using the spontaneous four-wave mixing process, a third-order nonlinear Kerr effect, coupled resonator waveguides are shown to be a useful source of heralded single photons, as well as other unique quantum states of light. We also describe four-wave mixing results in silicon micro-resonators, where nonlinear loss effects are mitigated by reverse biased p-i-n diodes, showing potential for high-speed optical signal processing.
Chip-scale integrated photonic circuits provide an attractive platform for the implementation of many quantum photonic technologies ranging from precise metrology to secure communication and quantum computation. In particular, silicon photonic platforms support micron-scale nonlinear optical sources of non-classical light which can be mass manufactured using the robust fabrication processes pioneered by the CMOS microelectronics industry. Integration of these quantum photonic sources with high-performance classical photonic devices on the same chip is required for truly scalable quantum information technologies. Integrated nonlinear resonators are investigated as sources of quantum mechanically correlated photon pair sources. An all-order dispersion engineering method is presented as a robust design synthesis for micoring sources. In addition, a novel concept of coupled mode dispersion compensation is proposed and demonstrated, providing significantly improved performance characteristics of resonant four-wave mixing sources. Next a photon pair source is demonstrated in a commercial CMOS microelectronics process opening the door to future integration of quantum photonics with electronic logic and control circuits. Classical nonlinear optical measurements of stimulated four-wave mixing are used for the first time to accurately predict the quantum correlations from the same device operating in the photon pair regime. Next the first demonstration of fully on-chip pump rejection is demonstrated with over 95 dB pump extinction improving the figures of merit from previous demonstrations by multiple orders of magnitude, including losses, detected pair rates and size. Finally, proposals for introducing novel degrees of freedom provided by an integrated platform are presented for further improving the performance of both photon pair and classical nonlinear optical sources.