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Chinese Physics Letters

Quantum Secure Direct Communication with Five-Qubit Entangled State

Song Lin, Fei Gao, Xiao-Fen Liu

Published Mar 1, 2011• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently, a genuine five-qubit entangled state has been achieved by Brown et al.[ J. Phys. A 38 (2005) 1119 ]. Later it was indicated that this state can be used for quantum teleportation and quantum state sharing. Here we build a quantum secure direct communication protocol with this state, and prove that it is secure in ideal conditions. In the protocol, the sender performs unitary transformations to encode a secret message on his/her particles and sends them to the receiver. The receiver then performs projective determinate measurement to decode the secret message directly. Furthermore, this protocol utilizes superdense coding to achieve a high intrinsic efficiency and source capacity.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/28/3/030302

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Recently, a genuine five-qubit entangled state has been achieved by Brown et al.[ J. Phys. A 38 (2005) 1119 ]. Later it was indicated that this state can be used for quantum teleportation and quantum state sharing. Here we build a quantum secure direct communication protocol with this state, and prove that it is secure in ideal conditions. In the protocol, the sender performs unitary transformations to encode a secret message on his/her particles and sends them to the receiver. The receiver then performs projective determinate measurement to decode the secret message directly. Furthermore, this protocol utilizes superdense coding to achieve a high intrinsic efficiency and source capacity.
Using quantum dense coding, a quantum secure direct communication scheme with a six-qubit maximally entangled state is proposed. If the first security test is passed, the sender performs unitary transformations to encode the secret information on her particles and sends to the receiver. The receiver then performs projective measurements to decode the secret information. It enables the sender to transmit six-bit classical secret message by sending three particles to the receiver. The second security test is adopted to guarantee the security of the communication.
A quantum secure direct communication scheme using dense coding is proposed. At first, the sender (Alice) prepares four-particle genuine entangled states and shares them with the receiver (Bob) by sending two particles in each entangled state to him. Secondly, Alice encodes secret information by performing the unitary transformations on her particles and transmits them to Bob. Finally, Bob performs the joint measurements on his particles to decode the secret information. The two-step security test guarantees the security of communication.
We investigate the usefulness of a recently introduced five-qubit state by Brown et al. [I. D. K. Brown, S. Stepney, A. Sudbery, and S. L. Braunstein, J. Phys. A 38, 1119 (2005)] for quantum teleportation, quantum-state sharing, and superdense coding. It is shown that this state can be utilized for perfect teleportation of arbitrary single and two-qubit systems. We devise various schemes for quantum-state sharing of an arbitrary single- and two-particle state via cooperative teleportation. We later show that this state can be used for superdense coding as well. It is found that five classical bits can be sent by sending only three quantum bits.
To transmit secure message, a controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol is proposed based on five-particle cluster state and EPR pair entanglement swapping. The sender and the controller own their EPR pair sequences respectively. The sender sends one photon of the EPR pair he owns to controller. The controller performs local unitary operation randomly on one photon of the EPR pair he owns and sends it to the receiver as his permission. The sender encodes his secret message on the other photon of the EPR pair he owns and sends it to the receiver. Because of EPR pair entanglement swapping, the two photons in the receiver's hand entangled. Under the permission of the controller, the controller and the receiver measure their new EPR pairs in the Bell basis in turn. By comparing the measurement result of the receiver and the original state, the receiver can get the secret message. To ensure the security of the message transmitting, five photons of five-particle cluster state are all mixed in sending sequence to detect eavesdropping which can bring per qubit 88% eavesdropping detection probability. Compared with taking three photons of five-particle cluster state as detection photons, five photons in this paper will decrease the number of five-particle cluster state for detection greatly. The security of the present protocol is discussed: the detection probability of this protocol is more than 88%, and intercept-measure-resend attacks and correlation-elicitation (CE) attack can be defended effectively.
We present a new quantum secure direct communication protocol with three-particle entangled state. The communication parties utilize decoy photons to check eavesdropping. The sender encodes the secret message with unitary transformation, we can directly transmit secret message with Bell-basis measurement and Z-basis measurement. The protocol is efficient in that all entangled states are used to transmit the secret message and two bits message can be transmitted one time, the preparation of three-particle entangled state is realized technique, the protocol is feasible to operate. The protocol is also verified to be secure for a noise quantum channel.