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Investigations of Fully Homomorphic Encryption (IFHE)

Nigel Paul Smart

Published May 1, 2015• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Abstract : The IFHE project Investigation of Fully Homomorphic Encryption) originally set out to examine the security of FHE schemes, and the lattice hard problems on which they are based. This turned out to be relatively difficult, mainly due to the complexity of building software libraries which could support the advanced mathematics needed to perform experiments on modern multi-core processors. For example the NTL library is now (2015) able to support multi - threaded applications, but only if used with bleeding edge compilers on the latest Intel hardware. Thus the initial plan was perhaps a little ahead of its time. However, by leveraging additional sources of funding; most notably from the UKs EPSRC and the EUs ERC, the Bristol team was able to make substantial headway in other areas related to the PROCEED program which were not originally envisaged. These are centred around; General techniques for Fully Homomorphic Encryption Practical methods for actively secure Multi -Party Computation General theory behind Multi -Party Computation. This report documents the progress made by the Bristol team.

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Abstract : The IFHE project Investigation of Fully Homomorphic Encryption) originally set out to examine the security of FHE schemes, and the lattice hard problems on which they are based. This turned out to be relatively difficult, mainly due to the complexity of building software libraries which could support the advanced mathematics needed to perform experiments on modern multi-core processors. For example the NTL library is now (2015) able to support multi - threaded applications, but only if used with bleeding edge compilers on the latest Intel hardware. Thus the initial plan was perhaps a little ahead of its time. However, by leveraging additional sources of funding; most notably from the UKs EPSRC and the EUs ERC, the Bristol team was able to make substantial headway in other areas related to the PROCEED program which were not originally envisaged. These are centred around; General techniques for Fully Homomorphic Encryption Practical methods for actively secure Multi -Party Computation General theory behind Multi -Party Computation. This report documents the progress made by the Bristol team.
Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) allows arbitrary computations to be performed directly on encrypted data and is a core technology for privacy computing and secure cloud computing. The Number Theory Research Unit (NTRU) has become a research topic in this field by virtue of its lattice-based anti-quantum security, efficient polynomial operation characteristics and natural multi-key homomorphism capability. In this paper, we systematically review the key advances of NTRU-based FHE, covering the directions of the design of FHE, the optimization of bootstrapping techniques, and the application to FHE for multi-key approaches. Furthermore, the innovativeness and practical application challenges of the schemes are analyzed, and the future research trends are envisioned.
Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables one to implement low-round and low-communication complexity Multi-Party Computation (MPC) which is secure in the static malicious corruption model. By expanding on an idea presented in the full version of the FHE-based MPC protocol of Smart (IMA, 2023), we show how to completely remove the need for Zero-Knowledge Proofs-of-Knowledge in that protocol. This simplification makes the final security proof of the MPC protocol much simpler, and more modular. The new protocol makes use of an FHE scheme with an encrypted PRF functionality, and in addition to our main result we formalize the security of such encrypted PRFs and prove the construction of Deo et al. (CCS 2025) secure in this model.
Multi-key fully homomorphic encryption (MKFHE), a generalization of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), enables a computation over encrypted data under multiple keys. The first MKFHE schemes were based on the NTRU primitive, however these early NTRU based FHE schemes were found to be insecure due to the problem of over-stretched parameters. Recently, in the case of standard (non-multi key) FHE a secure version, called FINAL, of NTRU has been found. In this work we extend FINAL to an MKFHE scheme, this allows us to benefit from some of the performance advantages provided by NTRU based primitives. Thus, our scheme provides competitive performance against current state-of-the-art multi-key TFHE, in particular reducing the computational complexity from quadratic to linear in the number of keys.
A fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme allows a client to encrypt and delegate its data to a server that performs computation on the encrypted data that the client can then decrypt. While FHE gives confidentiality to clients' data, it does not protect the server's input and computation. Nevertheless, FHE schemes are still helpful in building delegation protocols that reduce communication complexity, as the ciphertext's size is independent of the size of the computation performed on them. We can further extend FHE by a property called circuit privacy, which guarantees that the result of computing on ciphertexts reveals no information on the computed function and the inputs of the server. Thereby, circuit private FHE gives rise to round optimal and communication efficient secure two-party computation protocols. Unfortunately, despite significant efforts and much work put into the efficiency and practical implementations of FHE schemes, very little has been done to provide useful and practical FHE supporting circuit privacy. In this work, we address this gap and design the first randomized bootstrapping algorithm whose single invocation sanitizes a ciphertext and, consequently, serves as a tool to provide circuit privacy. We give an extensive analysis, propose parameters, and provide a C++ implementation of our scheme. Our bootstrapping can sanitize a ciphertext to achieve circuit privacy at an 80-bit statistical security level in between 1.3 and 0.9 seconds, depending which Gaussian sampling algorithm is used, and whether the parameter set targets a fast Fourier or a number theoretic transform-based implementation. In addition, we can perform non-sanitized bootstrapping in around 0.27 or 0.14 seconds. Crucially, we do not need to increase the parameters to perform computation before or after sanitization takes place. For comparison's sake, we revisit the Ducas-Stehlé washing machine method. In particular, we give a tight analysis, estimate efficiency, review old, and provide new parameters.
Fully dynamic multi-key fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) that allows an unlimited number of homomorphic operations for unconstrained parties. That is to say, it supports performing as many computational procedures on inputs (which are encrypted by an unrestricted number of parties) as needed. The existed fully dynamic multi-key FHE scheme is based on the learning with errors (LWE) problem. However, the LWE problem suffers from the intricate and laborious Gaussian sampling which extremely weakens the schemes’ efficiencies. What’s more, it has been lately revealed that Gaussian sampling creates lots of possible side-channel vulnerabilities that result in the disclosure of secret keys. The paper proposed a fully dynamic multi-key FHE that based on the learning with rounding (LWR) problem which leaves out the time-consuming Gaussian sampling required in the LWE problem while sustaining almost the same security level.