An interferometer - no matter how clever the design - cannot allow the experimenter to see both the wave and particle behavior of a quantum system. This fundamental idea has been captured quantitatively by inequalities, so-called wave-particle duality relations (WPDRs), that upper bound the sum of the path distinguishability (particle behavior) and fringe visibility (wave behavior). Another fundamental quantum concept is Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, stating that some pairs of observables cannot be known simultaneously. The distinction between these two concepts has been debated in the literature. Here we provide closure to the debate by showing that WPDRs correspond to a modern formulation of the uncertainty principle, namely, the uncertainty relation for the min- and max-entropies, which is used in quantum cryptography. At the technical level, our unification relies on a novel operational meaning for the max-entropy in terms of the guessing probability. Furthermore, our unification provides a framework for solving an outstanding problem of how to rigorously prove WPDRs for interferometers with more than two paths, and we employ this framework to derive some novel WPDRs.
An interferometer - no matter how clever the design - cannot allow the experimenter to see both the wave and particle behavior of a quantum system. This fundamental idea has been captured quantitatively by inequalities, so-called wave-particle duality relations (WPDRs), that upper bound the sum of the path distinguishability (particle behavior) and fringe visibility (wave behavior). Another fundamental quantum concept is Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, stating that some pairs of observables cannot be known simultaneously. The distinction between these two concepts has been debated in the literature. Here we provide closure to the debate by showing that WPDRs correspond to a modern formulation of the uncertainty principle, namely, the uncertainty relation for the min- and max-entropies, which is used in quantum cryptography. At the technical level, our unification relies on a novel operational meaning for the max-entropy in terms of the guessing probability. Furthermore, our unification provides a framework for solving an outstanding problem of how to rigorously prove WPDRs for interferometers with more than two paths, and we employ this framework to derive some novel WPDRs.
An interferometer---no matter how clever the design---cannot reveal both the wave and the particle behavior of a quantum system. This fundamental idea has been captured by inequalities, so-called wave-particle duality relations (WPDRs), that upper bound the sum of the fringe visibility (wave behavior) and path distinguishability (particle behavior). Another fundamental idea is Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, stating that some pairs of observables cannot be known simultaneously. Recent work has unified these two principles for two-path interferometers. Here we extend this unification to n-path interferometers, showing that WPDRs correspond to a modern formulation of the uncertainty principle stated in terms of entropies. Furthermore, our unification provides a framework for solving an outstanding problem of how to formulate universally valid WPDRs for interferometers with more than two paths, and we employ this framework to derive some novel WPDRs.
Abstract Wave-particle duality (WPD) is known to be equivalent to an entropic uncertainty relation (EUR) based on the min- and max-entropies, which have a clear operational meaning in quantum cryptography. Here, we derive a connection between wave-particle relations and the semi-device-independent (SDI) security framework. In particular, we express an SDI witness entirely in terms of two complementary interferometric quantities: visibility and input distinguishability. Applying a symmetry condition to the interferometric quantities, we identify a scenario in which the classical bound is violated and the security condition is met in wave-particle experiments with a tunable beam splitter (TBS). This enables the certification of non-classicality and the positivity of the key rate directly from complementary interferometric quantities, as well as from informational entropic quantities. Moreover, we perform a proof-of-principle experiment using orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) encoded quantum states of light in a tunable interferometer, validating our theoretical predictions. We analyze an improved bound on the SDI security condition for qubits, effectively enlarging the parameter region where secure communication can be certified. Finally, we extend the framework to multipath interferometers, establishing that the fundamental correspondence between information-access limitations and interferometric complementarity, demonstrated in the two-path scenario, persists across arbitrary dimensions.
Abstract The wave-particle duality, as a manifestation of Bohr’s complementarity, is usually quantified in terms of path predictability and interference visibility. Various characterizations of the wave-particle duality have been proposed from an operational perspective, most of them are in forms of inequalities, and some of them are expressed in forms of equalities by incorporating entanglement or coherence. In this work, we shed different insights into the nature of the wave-particle duality by casting it into a form of information conservation in a multi-path interferometer, with uncertainty as a unified theme. More specifically, by employing the simple yet fundamental concept of variance, we establish a resolution of unity, which can be interpreted as a complementarity relation among wave feature, particle feature, and mixedness of a quantum state. This refines or reinterprets some conventional approaches to wave-particle duality, and highlights informational aspects of the issue. The key idea of our approach lies in that a quantum state, as a Hermitian operator, can also be naturally regarded as an observable, with measurement uncertainty (in a state) and state uncertainty (in a measurement) being exploited to quantify particle feature and wave feature of a quantum state, respectively. These two kinds of uncertainties, although both are defined via variance, have fundamentally different properties and capture different features of a state. Together with the mixedness, which is a kind of uncertainty intrinsic to a quantum state, they add up to unity, and thus lead to a characterization of the wave-particle-mixedness complementarity. This triality relation is further illustrated by examples and compared with some popular wave-particle duality or triality relations.
We present a study of the relation between wave-particle duality and quantum uncertainty in a two-path interferometer and derive equalities and inequalities involving the visibility (representing wave-like behavior), the predictability (representing particle-like behavior), and their variances. We experimentally demonstrate that, for a single photon in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, these quantities are related via an equation that connects both duality and uncertainty. This relation holds for the single-photon source prepared either in a pure state or a mixed state.
A quantum system (quanton) traverses an interferometer with N equally probable paths and interacts with another quantum system (detector) that stores path information in a set of symmetric states. In this framework, we present a systematic quantitative study of wave-particle duality based on entropic trade-off relations between quantum coherence, characterized by the relative entropy of coherence of the quanton state, and which-path knowledge, quantified by the mutual information obtained through detector-state discrimination. Unlike prior upper-bound-based formulations, we obtain an exact quantification of which-path knowledge for the discrimination strategies considered here, encompassing previous strategies and extending beyond them. A general optimal measurement is implemented through a state-separation map governed by a continuous parameter ξ∈[0,1], followed by minimum-error (ME) discrimination of either the successful outputs only (standard approach) or both successful and failure outputs (concatenated approach). Our framework identifies a strategy-dependent hierarchy that generally emerges in the tightness of the resulting duality relations. At ξ=0, both approaches reduce to the ME measurement, which typically yields the tightest relation. For ξ>0, each approach yields a distinct relation that generally becomes less tight as ξ increases, with the concatenated strategy always yielding a relation at least as tight as its standard counterpart. We further characterize saturation of these relations by identifying the detector-state sets that lead to it and show that nontrivial saturation occurs only for interferometers with a nonprime number of paths. From these sets, we elucidate how the underlying structure of the quanton-detector correlations gives rise to this behavior and explains the lack of universal saturation in multipath duality relations for pure states.
Wave and particle properties of a quantum object cannot be observed simultaneously. In particular, the fringe visibility in an interferometer is limited by the amount of which-way information which can be obtained. This limit is set by the recently discovered duality relation. So far, all derivations of the duality relation are independent of Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation. Here we demonstrate that it is alternatively possible to derive the duality relation in the form of an uncertainty relation for some suitably chosen observables.