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Canadian Journal of Physics

Super-radiance-cascades and multimode super-radiance oscillations in a cold 85Rb Rydberg gas

Jianing Han, H. Maeda

Published Jan 30, 2014• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on super-radiance-cascades and multimode super-radiance in a cold Rydberg gas. Correctly matching the super-radiant radiation and the sample size, or mode-matching, is discussed. In addition, it is shown that the spontaneous emission rate and density determine how fast super-radiance happens and whether or not the multimode super-radiance is observable. The results reported here are essential steps toward super-radiance induced plasma formation and two-photon correlations.

DOI
10.1139/cjp-2013-0236

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We report on super-radiance-cascades and multimode super-radiance in a cold Rydberg gas. Correctly matching the super-radiant radiation and the sample size, or mode-matching, is discussed. In addition, it is shown that the spontaneous emission rate and density determine how fast super-radiance happens and whether or not the multimode super-radiance is observable. The results reported here are essential steps toward super-radiance induced plasma formation and two-photon correlations.
The operation of maser devices using highly excited Rydberg atoms as active medium is investigated. These systems, working in a transient regime reminiscent of super-radiance generate few-hundred-ns-long bursts of mm-wave radiation. They are characterized by extremely low inversion density thresholds (${N}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{4}$ atoms typically) and very small peak power outputs (in the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$- to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$-watt range). This study is interesting in the context of new tests of super-radiance and electrodynamics theory. It also opens new possibilities in the important domain of mm-wave amplification and detection. In this paper, we present a simple semiclassical theory of transient Rydberg maser operation and we report the experimental observation of a large number of maser emission lines on Na atoms, spanning a wide frequency interval ($60<\ensuremath{\nu}<950$ GHz). The technique used to monitor the emission is the indirect field ionization procedure which reveals fast radiative transfers occurring between Rydberg levels. Another method involving the direct detection of the maser radiation by a heterodyne receiver is described in a subsequent paper, along with a report on the investigation of various effects related to the triggering of the transient maser emission by external radiation.
General properties of super-radiance--cooperative spontaneous emission of multi-atomic systems are explained on the basis of some simple models. First we consider spontaneous emission of two atoms separated from each other by a distance less than the wavelength. Then the kinetics of super-radiance of N-atomic system in a small volume are described. The main attention we put into super-radiance photon statistics. We show the Poissonian statistics for the main part of super-radiance pulse and demonstrate the special conditions when it can be Sub-Poissonian one.
For nearly two decades, starting from the prediction of super-radiance by R. H. Dicke in 1954, the subject was generally considered as being mainly of theoretical significance. The situation changed in 1973 when Skribanowitz, Herman, MacGillivray and Feld performed experiments with low-pressure HF gas, and realized conditions where the phase memory time of the radiation centres was longer than the cooperative spontaneous emission time. This chapter describes the numerous super-radiance experiments. It demonstrates that conditions for the experimental realization of super-radiance do exist, that is under appropriate circumstances super-radiance is not suppressed by de-phasing or inhomogeneous relaxation. The experiments can be divided into two classes with respect to the time scale of the relaxation processes. In gases, the relaxation times are typically in the nanosecond range, whereas in solids these processes are faster, by at least one or two orders of magnitude. The chapter gives a description of some of these experiments both in gases and in solids.
This chapter considers super-radiance on an elementary level in the sense that the main notions and concepts of the phenomenon will be treated as they evolved in the course of the early studies starting with the classical works by R. H. Dicke. It considers super-radiance from a system with dimensions small compared with the wavelength of the emission that is the Dicke model. The chapter discusses the results to be obtained are also applicable to the single-mode super-radiance of an extended system. It then considers mainly the cooperative spontaneous emission of a collection of N identical atoms confined within a small volume. If the audience wish to investigate the super-radiance of an extended system, the dimensions of which exceed the emission wavelength, the semiclassical method is more convenient. In essence, the semiclassical approach discussed in the chapter combines the quantum mechanical treatment of the atomic system that uses the density matrix formalism with the classical treatment of the radiation field.
Super- et sous-radiance dans un nuage dilué d'atomes froids Le problème de l'interaction de N atomes avec un faisceau laser et les modes du vide peut donner lieu à de nombreux phénomènes intéressants concernant l’émission spontanée de la lumière et sa propagation dans l’échantillon. Les effets coopératifs, par exemple, tels que la super- et la sous-radiance, sont des effets liés à la cohérence créée entre les atomes lorsqu'un photon est émis spontanément par un seul atome excité. La super-radiance peut être définie comme le renforcement de l'émission spontanée due à une interférence constructive de la lumière diffusée. Son homologue, la sous-radiance, est le piégeage d'une partie de la lumière restante en raison d'interférences destructives. Dans les atomes froids, certains travaux théoriques antérieurs prédisent et caractérisent ces deux effets coopératifs dans un nuage atomique large et diluée, dans le régime des faibles intensités et à grands désaccords du laser incident. Le modèle théorique est un modèle de dipôles couplés pour atomes à deux niveaux pilotés par un champ de faible intensité et dans l'approche scalaire. L'expérience consiste à mesurer les taux de d’décroissance super- et sous-radiants à partir de l’intensité temporelle émise après la coupure du laser incident en régime stationnaire. Notre schéma expérimental consiste en un piège magneto-optique d’atomes de rubidium 87 à grandes épaisseurs optiques à résonance. Un faisceau sonde excite les atomes proches de la raie D2. L’intensité émise est détectée par un détecteur de photons uniques dépourvu d’afterpulsing et une procédure d’étalonnage nous permet de déterminer l’épaisseur optique résonante du nuage et sa température. Dans ce travail, nous rapportons l’observation expérimentale de la super- et sous-radiance dans un grand nuage d’atomes froids. Pour la sous-radiance, le résultat principal est l’évolution linéaire du temps caractéristique avec l’épaisseur optique résonante du nuage et son indépendance du désaccord. Pour la super-radiance, on observe la super-radiance en dehors de la direction vers l’avant. Nous vérifions la validité de nos interprétations avec les prédictions du modèle de dipôles couplés. Finalement, nous discutons l’interaction entre la sous-radiance et le piégeage de radiation, ainsi que des prévisions théoriques concernant : la configuration d’un nuage phasé, pour contrôler l’émission de l’amplitude sousradiante ; et les effets de température, où la sous-radiance s’avère robuste dans une large gamme de températures.
In this paper, we report the results of measurements of the intensities and delays of super-radiance decays from excited helium atoms at multiple wavelengths. The experiment was performed using extreme ultraviolet radiation produced by the free electron laser at the SPring-8 Compact SASE Source test accelerator facility as an excitation source. We observed super-radiant transitions on the 1s3p→1s2s1s3p \to 1s2s1s3p→1s2s ($λ=$502 nm), 1s3d→1s2p1s3d \to 1s2p1s3d→1s2p ($λ=$668 nm), and 1s3s→1s2p1s3s \to 1s2p1s3s→1s2p ($λ=$728 nm) transitions. The pulse energy of each transition and its delay time were measured as a function of the target helium gas density. Several interesting features of the data, some of which appear to contradict with the predictions of the simple two-level super-radiance theory, are pointed out.