Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Chinese Physics B

Fault tolerant quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption against collective noise

Wei Huang, Qiaoyan Wen, Heng-Yue Jia, Su‐Juan Qin, Fei Gao

Published Oct 1, 2012• 74 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present two novel quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols over different collective-noise channels. Different from the previous QSDC schemes over collective-noise channels, which are all source-encrypting protocols, our two protocols are based on channel-encryption. In both schemes, two authorized users first share a sequence of EPR pairs as their reusable quantum key. Then they use their quantum key to encrypt and decrypt the secret message carried by the decoherence-free states over the collective-noise channel. In theory, the intrinsic efficiencies of both protocols are high since there is no need to consume any entangled states including both the quantum key and the information carriers except the ones used for eavesdropping checks. For checking eavesdropping, the two parties only need to perform two-particle measurements on the decoy states during each round. Finally, we make a security analysis of our two protocols and demonstrate that they are secure.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/21/10/100308

Related papers

Symmetric quantum secure direct communication protocols immune to collective noises

Monireh Houshmand, Mohammad Bolokian

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables the direct and secure transmission of messages without the need for prior key distribution, offering a groundbreaking paradigm in quantum communication. This paper presents a novel symmetric QSDC protocol that ensures immunity to collective-phase and collective-rotation noises while enabling efficient and two-way message transfer. The proposed protocol features an innovative approach where qubits are transmitted only during the initial entanglement sharing phase, eliminating the need to send message carrying qubits thereafter. By leveraging this design, the protocol minimizes vulnerability to external noise and eavesdropping attempts. The symmetry of the protocol allows both parties to exchange messages seamlessly and securely, ensuring equal communication procedure. Analytical analysis and theoretical proofs demonstrate the robustness and security of the protocol under non-secure quantum channel, marking a significant advancement in practical quantum communication systems. The proposed scheme follows an entanglement-based QSDC paradigm, where confidential information is embedded into quantum correlations rather than being directly transmitted over the quantum channel.

Modern Physics Letters A•Feb 11, 2026•0 citations

Quantum secure direct communication

Xihan Li

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is one of the most important branches of quantum communication. In contrast to the quantum key distribution (QKD) which distributes a secure key between distant parties, QSDC directly transmits secret message instead of sharing key in advance. To establish a secure QSDC protocol, on the one hand, the security of the quantum channel should be confirmed before the exchange of the secret message. On the other hand, the quantum state should be transmitted in a quantum data block since the security of QSDC is based on the error rate analysis in the theories on statistics. Compared with the deterministic quantum key distribution (DQKD) which can also be used to transmit deterministic information, QSDC schemes do not need extra classical bits to read the secret message except for public discussion. In this article, we introduce the basic principles of QSDC and review the development in this field by introducing typical QSDC protocols chronologically. The first QSDC protocol was proposed by Long and Liu, which can be used to establish a common key between distant parties. In their scheme, the method for transmitting quantum states in a block by block way and in multiple steps was proposed and the information leakage before eavesdropping detection was solved. Subsequently, Deng et al. presented two pioneering QSDC schemes, an entangled-state-based two-step QSDC scheme and a single-photon-state-based quantum one-time pad scheme, in which the basic principle and criteria for QSDC were pointed out. From then on, many interesting QSDC schemes have been proposed, including the high-dimension QSDC scheme based on quantum superdense coding, multi-step QSDC scheme based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, QSDC scheme based on quantum encryption with practical non-maximally entangled quantum channel, and so on. We also introduce the anti-noise QSDC schemes which were designed for coping with the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. In 2011, Wang et al. presented the first QSDC which exploited the hyperentangled state as the information carrier and several QSDC schemes based on the spatial degree of freedom (DOF) of photon, single-photon multi-DOF state and hyperentanglement were proposed subsequently. In addition to the point-to-point QSDC schemes, we also review the QSDC networks. Finally, a perspective of QSDC research is given in the last section.

Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 2015•43 citations

Quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption based on pure entangled states

Xihan Li, Chunyan Li, Fu‐Guo Deng +3 more

We present a scheme for quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption. The two authorized users use repeatedly a sequence of the pure entangled pairs (quantum key) shared for encrypting and decrypting the secret message carried by the traveling photons directly. For checking eavesdropping, the two parties perform the single-photon measurements on some decoy particles before each round. This scheme has the advantage that the pure entangled quantum signal source is feasible at present and any eavesdropper cannot steal the message.

arXiv:quant-ph/0512014•Dec 2, 2005•10 citations

Quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption based on pure entangled states

Xihan Li, Chunyan Li, Deng Fu-Guo +3 more

This paper presents a scheme for quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption. The two authorized users use repeatedly a sequence of the pure entangled pairs (quantum key) shared for encrypting and decrypting the secret message carried by the travelling photons directly. For checking eavesdropping, the two parties perform the single-photon measurements on some decoy particles before each round. This scheme has the advantage that the pure entangled quantum signal source is feasible at present and any eavesdropper cannot steal the message.

Chinese Physics•Aug 1, 2007•163 citations

Fault tolerant channel-encrypting quantum dialogue against collective noise

Ye Tian

In this paper,two fault tolerant channel-encrypting quantum dialogue(QD)protocols against collective noise are presented.One is against collective-dephasing noise,while the other is against collective-rotation noise.The decoherent-free states,each of which is composed of two physical qubits,act as traveling states combating collective noise.Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs,which play the role of private quantum key,are securely shared between two participants over a collective-noise channel in advance.Through encryption and decryption with private quantum key,the initial state of each traveling two-photon logical qubit is privately shared between two participants.Due to quantum encryption sharing of the initial state of each traveling logical qubit,the issue of information leakage is overcome.The private quantum key can be repeatedly used after rotation as long as the rotation angle is properly chosen,making quantum resource economized.As a result,their information-theoretical efficiency is nearly up to 66.7%.The proposed QD protocols only need single-photon measurements rather than two-photon joint measurements for quantum measurements.Security analysis shows that an eavesdropper cannot obtain anything useful about secret messages during the dialogue process without being discovered.Furthermore,the proposed QD protocols can be implemented with current techniques in experiment.

Science in China. Series G, Physics, mechanics & astronomy/Science in China. Series G, Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy•Jan 1, 2015•0 citations

CONTROLLED QUANTUM SECURE DIRECT COMMUNICATION WITH QUANTUM ENCRYPTION

Xiu‐Bo Chen, Tian‐Yin Wang, DU Jian-zhong +2 more

Utilizing a partially entangled GHZ state, we propose a novel controlled quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) with quantum encryption. Under the supervision and help of the third side, the sender and the receiver can securely share the private quantum entanglement keys used to encrypt and decrypt the secret message. According to the results of checking the eavesdropping on decoy photons, communicators can decide whether the quantum keys are reused in the next round. Not only will eavesdropping inevitably disturb the states of the decoy photons and be detected, but arbitrary transmission errors can also be corrected.

International Journal of Quantum Information•Jun 1, 2008•70 citations
We present two novel quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols over different collective-noise channels. Different from the previous QSDC schemes over collective-noise channels, which are all source-encrypting protocols, our two protocols are based on channel-encryption. In both schemes, two authorized users first share a sequence of EPR pairs as their reusable quantum key. Then they use their quantum key to encrypt and decrypt the secret message carried by the decoherence-free states over the collective-noise channel. In theory, the intrinsic efficiencies of both protocols are high since there is no need to consume any entangled states including both the quantum key and the information carriers except the ones used for eavesdropping checks. For checking eavesdropping, the two parties only need to perform two-particle measurements on the decoy states during each round. Finally, we make a security analysis of our two protocols and demonstrate that they are secure.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables the direct and secure transmission of messages without the need for prior key distribution, offering a groundbreaking paradigm in quantum communication. This paper presents a novel symmetric QSDC protocol that ensures immunity to collective-phase and collective-rotation noises while enabling efficient and two-way message transfer. The proposed protocol features an innovative approach where qubits are transmitted only during the initial entanglement sharing phase, eliminating the need to send message carrying qubits thereafter. By leveraging this design, the protocol minimizes vulnerability to external noise and eavesdropping attempts. The symmetry of the protocol allows both parties to exchange messages seamlessly and securely, ensuring equal communication procedure. Analytical analysis and theoretical proofs demonstrate the robustness and security of the protocol under non-secure quantum channel, marking a significant advancement in practical quantum communication systems. The proposed scheme follows an entanglement-based QSDC paradigm, where confidential information is embedded into quantum correlations rather than being directly transmitted over the quantum channel.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is one of the most important branches of quantum communication. In contrast to the quantum key distribution (QKD) which distributes a secure key between distant parties, QSDC directly transmits secret message instead of sharing key in advance. To establish a secure QSDC protocol, on the one hand, the security of the quantum channel should be confirmed before the exchange of the secret message. On the other hand, the quantum state should be transmitted in a quantum data block since the security of QSDC is based on the error rate analysis in the theories on statistics. Compared with the deterministic quantum key distribution (DQKD) which can also be used to transmit deterministic information, QSDC schemes do not need extra classical bits to read the secret message except for public discussion. In this article, we introduce the basic principles of QSDC and review the development in this field by introducing typical QSDC protocols chronologically. The first QSDC protocol was proposed by Long and Liu, which can be used to establish a common key between distant parties. In their scheme, the method for transmitting quantum states in a block by block way and in multiple steps was proposed and the information leakage before eavesdropping detection was solved. Subsequently, Deng et al. presented two pioneering QSDC schemes, an entangled-state-based two-step QSDC scheme and a single-photon-state-based quantum one-time pad scheme, in which the basic principle and criteria for QSDC were pointed out. From then on, many interesting QSDC schemes have been proposed, including the high-dimension QSDC scheme based on quantum superdense coding, multi-step QSDC scheme based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, QSDC scheme based on quantum encryption with practical non-maximally entangled quantum channel, and so on. We also introduce the anti-noise QSDC schemes which were designed for coping with the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. In 2011, Wang et al. presented the first QSDC which exploited the hyperentangled state as the information carrier and several QSDC schemes based on the spatial degree of freedom (DOF) of photon, single-photon multi-DOF state and hyperentanglement were proposed subsequently. In addition to the point-to-point QSDC schemes, we also review the QSDC networks. Finally, a perspective of QSDC research is given in the last section.
We present a scheme for quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption. The two authorized users use repeatedly a sequence of the pure entangled pairs (quantum key) shared for encrypting and decrypting the secret message carried by the traveling photons directly. For checking eavesdropping, the two parties perform the single-photon measurements on some decoy particles before each round. This scheme has the advantage that the pure entangled quantum signal source is feasible at present and any eavesdropper cannot steal the message.
This paper presents a scheme for quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption. The two authorized users use repeatedly a sequence of the pure entangled pairs (quantum key) shared for encrypting and decrypting the secret message carried by the travelling photons directly. For checking eavesdropping, the two parties perform the single-photon measurements on some decoy particles before each round. This scheme has the advantage that the pure entangled quantum signal source is feasible at present and any eavesdropper cannot steal the message.
In this paper,two fault tolerant channel-encrypting quantum dialogue(QD)protocols against collective noise are presented.One is against collective-dephasing noise,while the other is against collective-rotation noise.The decoherent-free states,each of which is composed of two physical qubits,act as traveling states combating collective noise.Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs,which play the role of private quantum key,are securely shared between two participants over a collective-noise channel in advance.Through encryption and decryption with private quantum key,the initial state of each traveling two-photon logical qubit is privately shared between two participants.Due to quantum encryption sharing of the initial state of each traveling logical qubit,the issue of information leakage is overcome.The private quantum key can be repeatedly used after rotation as long as the rotation angle is properly chosen,making quantum resource economized.As a result,their information-theoretical efficiency is nearly up to 66.7%.The proposed QD protocols only need single-photon measurements rather than two-photon joint measurements for quantum measurements.Security analysis shows that an eavesdropper cannot obtain anything useful about secret messages during the dialogue process without being discovered.Furthermore,the proposed QD protocols can be implemented with current techniques in experiment.
Utilizing a partially entangled GHZ state, we propose a novel controlled quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) with quantum encryption. Under the supervision and help of the third side, the sender and the receiver can securely share the private quantum entanglement keys used to encrypt and decrypt the secret message. According to the results of checking the eavesdropping on decoy photons, communicators can decide whether the quantum keys are reused in the next round. Not only will eavesdropping inevitably disturb the states of the decoy photons and be detected, but arbitrary transmission errors can also be corrected.