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SLOW ATOM OPTICAL COMPOhNTS USING LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIC GRADEYTS

Frank Lison, D. Haubrich, P. Sehuh, R. Wynands, Dieter Meschede, E. Markhal, S. Guibal, P. Gorza

Published Jan 1, 1996• 0 citations
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Abstract

Efficmt bear steering components far paramagnetic atoms CUI be manufacrured from permanent magnets. In contrast to atom optical components denved from light forces permanent magnetic components do not need any supplies, they have large apenures, and rpontilneous cmissroe is absent. Mayetic acceleration is one ardor of magnitude smaller than typlcal accelerations by gpantaneous light farces, but the maximum momentum transfer can be increased through extended components or by loucrhg the longrludunal vclucity of the atoms. With strong rare carth permanent magnets we have built lenses [I] .ind nllrrors (fig. 1) for atomic bcams. Our lenses have ibcill lengths in the centimcler regims for sloniic ~elocillrs of abour 70 mis and a opening ofseveral miilimeters. Hexapolc IC~SCS can bc iiscd for fociising anid ~magmg with B monachromaric atomic beam 121. It is wll known 111 hght optics that minors haw fewer aberratrons thla lenses. A magnetic mirror for aloin 0pOcs has been constructed from B periodic airily of milgnctic slabs with alternating direction uf lhe magnetization. The dwice has a length of 90 mm and reilccts ces~um atom with B vclocicy component of up LO 5 nvs perpendicular to the mirror surface.

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Efficmt bear steering components far paramagnetic atoms CUI be manufacrured from permanent magnets. In contrast to atom optical components denved from light forces permanent magnetic components do not need any supplies, they have large apenures, and rpontilneous cmissroe is absent. Mayetic acceleration is one ardor of magnitude smaller than typlcal accelerations by gpantaneous light farces, but the maximum momentum transfer can be increased through extended components or by loucrhg the longrludunal vclucity of the atoms. With strong rare carth permanent magnets we have built lenses [I] .ind nllrrors (fig. 1) for atomic bcams. Our lenses have ibcill lengths in the centimcler regims for sloniic elocillrs of abour 70 mis and a opening ofseveral miilimeters. Hexapolc ICSCS can bc iiscd for fociising anid magmg with B monachromaric atomic beam 121. It is wll known 111 hght optics that minors haw fewer aberratrons thla lenses. A magnetic mirror for aloin 0pOcs has been constructed from B periodic airily of milgnctic slabs with alternating direction uf lhe magnetization. The dwice has a length of 90 mm and reilccts cesum atom with B vclocicy component of up LO 5 nvs perpendicular to the mirror surface.
There is a need in atom optics and atom interferometry for high quality atomic mirrors and beamsplitters that will permit the manipulation and control of beams of slowly moving atoms. We have an established programme for developing and testing mirrors for atom optics based on the interaction between the magnetic dipole moment of an atom and the exponentially varying magnetic field above a periodic array of magnetic elements. Previously we have observed reflection of cold atoms from mirrors of a number of different designs, including a macroscopic array of permanent rare-earth magnets of alternating polarity, grooved ferromagnetic structures, arrays of current-carrying conductors and structures recorded onto magneto-optical films.
With strong rare-earth permanent magnets we have built highly refractive atom-optical components for laser-cooled atoms. We have studied the influence of axially symmetric multipole components on a cesium atomic beam. In analogy to traditional optics the action of a quadrupole ring parallels a conical prism, or axicon. Hexapole lenses were applied for focusing with a more than 1000-fold increase in atomic flux density at the focal spot and for imaging with the atomic beam. Two hexapole lenses were combined to form a telescope, which was operated off axis in order to separate fast thermal and slowed atoms. The experiments can approximately be described in terms of geometrical optics. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A large-aperture liquid-He coated spherical mirror and a room-temperature bent-gold crystal have been used to focus atom beams of H and He, respectively. They are described elsewhere in this symposium. Many of the new optical elements for atoms rely on the mechanical forces of light; mirrors are one example. When atoms approach the surface of glass that has intense blue-detuned light inside, they recoil from the evanescent wave that extends several wavelengths past the surface and into the vacuum. The atoms are never close enough to the surface to be affected by its atomic attraction or its small-scale irregularities. When a highly collimated beam of sodium atoms is directed at a standing wave of light near its resonance frequency, the angular scattering pattern of the atoms exhibits the characteristics of diffraction from a short sinusoidal grating. Diffraction orders up to ~20 have been observed at high light intensities. In contrast to phase gratings made with light, material absorption gratings are amplitude gratings.