Einstein's Hidden Variables: Part A - The Elementary Quantum of Light and Quantum Chemistry

Juliana H. J. Brooks

Published Jan 1, 2009• 0 citations

Abstract

Re-examination of the work of Max Karl Planck has revealed hidden variables in his famous quantum work, consistent with Einstein’s famous sentiment that quantum mechanics is incomplete due to the existence of “hidden variables”. The recent discovery of these previously hidden variables, which have been missing from the foundational equations of quantum theory for more than one hundred years, has important implications for understanding the interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Planck’s quantum formula (“E = hν”) is missing the variable for measurement time. Restoration of measurement time produces a more complete quantum formula, “E = h ν tm”. Upon balancing, this restored formula reveals that the numerical value of Planck’s constant is actually the mean energy of a single oscillation of light, 6.626 X 10 -34 J/oscillation. Previous definitions of the “photon” relied on a hidden and assumed value for measurement time of “one second”. Quantum chemists of long ago, unaware of this arbitrary value, concluded that the total energy of a “photon” had to be equal to or greater than molecular bond energy, and only “photons” in the visible and ultraviolet regions satisfied this criterion. Infra-red, microwave and radio waves were excluded from study in photochemistry, and were relegated mechanistically to purely thermal processes. An understanding of the restored quantum formula, with its separate time variable and mean oscillation energy constant, reveals that frequency specific effects range through-out the electromagnetic spectrum and are not limited to just the visible and ultraviolet regions. This awareness, in turn, allows the mechanistic explanation of phenomena related to the use of infrared, microwaves and radio waves in the processing, evolution and performance of materials.

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