Can quantum information systems be understood using local realism? The consensus is No. Quantum information is based on qubits and Bell states. According to conventional wisdom these cannot be understood using local realism. Invariably local realism is assumed, incorrectly, to refer only to the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) model. Today a radically different model of local realism has arisen. The Theory of Elementary Waves (TEW) is incompatible with Einsteins picture of reality but nevertheless is local and realistic. We show that the Bell test experiments that invalidate EPR, validate TEW! This article uses TEW to reproduce all four Bell states. From TEW we derive the Bell states. We also show that TEW can explain an experiment using remote entangled photons that have no shared history, which are entangled because ofentanglement swapping. The implications of our study for quantum information theory are unclear, except that the term nonlocal should be replaced with a more precise and fruitful term. Nonlocal is vague and misleading. Elementary ray is a verifiable and precisely defined term that can replace it. This paradigm shift could inspire a new generation of quantum information experiments.
Can quantum information systems be understood using local realism? The consensus is No. Quantum information is based on qubits and Bell states. According to conventional wisdom these cannot be understood using local realism. Invariably local realism is assumed, incorrectly, to refer only to the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) model. Today a radically different model of local realism has arisen. The Theory of Elementary Waves (TEW) is incompatible with Einsteins picture of reality but nevertheless is local and realistic. We show that the Bell test experiments that invalidate EPR, validate TEW! This article uses TEW to reproduce all four Bell states. From TEW we derive the Bell states. We also show that TEW can explain an experiment using remote entangled photons that have no shared history, which are entangled because ofentanglement swapping. The implications of our study for quantum information theory are unclear, except that the term nonlocal should be replaced with a more precise and fruitful term. Nonlocal is vague and misleading. Elementary ray is a verifiable and precisely defined term that can replace it. This paradigm shift could inspire a new generation of quantum information experiments.
An earlier article in this journal introduced a renegade theory called the Theory of Elementary Waves (TEW). Whereas quantum mathematics (QM) is a science of observables, TEW is a science of physical nature independent of the observer. They are symmetrical: complement and support each other. That article left three dangling threads that this article addresses: 1. Our claim that TEW is the only local realistic theory that can explain Bell test experiments, 2. Focusing on the medium in which elementary waves move, and 3. Demonstrating that there is zero experimental support wave particle duality. TEW is neither the hidden variable theory of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR), nor the absorber theory of Wheeler and Feynman, nor an offshoot nor variant of quantum theory. It is a new paradigm, discovered by a dissident, Lewis E. Little who, after his PhD in physics, worked alone for decades outside the ivory tower of academic physics searching for and eventually finding a theory that explains quantum experiments based on local realism. The fate of new paradigms, unfortunately, is to be rejected as gibberish by leaders of the old paradigm. Plate tectonics was dismissed as absurd during the twentieth century.
Recent experiments on the classic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) setting claim to test the compatibility between nonlocal quantum entanglement and the (special) theory of relativity. Confirmation of quantum theory has led to the interpretation that Einstein's image of physical reality for each photon in the EPR pair cannot be maintained. A detailed critique on two representative experiments is presented following the original EPR notion of local realism. It is argued that relativity does not enter into the picture, however for the Bell-Bohm version of local realism in terms of hidden variables such experiments are significant. Of the two alternatives, namely incompleteness of quantum theory for describing an individual quantum system, and the ensemble view, it is only the former that has been ruled out by the experiments. An alternative approach gives a statistical ensemble interpretation of the observed data, and the significant conclusion that these experiments do not deny physical reality of the photon is obtained. After discussing the need for a photon model, a vortex structure is proposed based on the space-time invariant property-spin, and pure gauge fields. To test the prime role of spin for photons and the angular-momentum interpretation of electromagnetic fields, experimental schemes feasible in modern laboratories are suggested.
The fact that loophole-free Bell test experiments have proved Einstein’s local realism wrong, does not prove that the quantum mechanical (QM) model is correct, because the Theory of Elementary Waves (TEW) Axioms can also explain the Bell test experiments. Bi-Rays are a pair of coaxial elementary rays traveling at the speed of light in countervailing directions. In a Bell test experiment a Bi-Ray stretches from Alice’s equipment, through the fiberoptic cable, across the 2-photon source, through more fiberoptic cable, to Bob’s equipment. A pair of entangled photons is born into that Bi-Ray. Each photon follows the same Bi-Ray in opposite directions. This model produces the same Bell test results found by QM. According to QM this would be classified as a “non-local” model, so it is no surprise that it can explain the Bell test results. But it is a different model than QM. TEW supports a more realistic view of Nature, based on better Axioms. Although QM can explain quantum experiments, it requires that you believe the quantum world is weird. TEW Axioms explain the quantum world in a way that is more intuitively similar to the world of everyday experience.
Local realism reduces to the proposition that every physical effect arises exclusively at the spacetime locality where the determinate properties of physical reality determine that it be so. The causal model of quantum theory, however, and thus all prospects for quantum computers, require that local realism is false. The essential argument favoring quantum beliefs is that local realism cannot explain empirical Bell violations, whereas quantum theory can. By contrast, the article cited below offers compelling evidence to the contrary. Furthermore, such alleged refutations of local realism are predicated on an interpretation of the Bell inequality that many researchers reject (the cited article provides specific references). Meanwhile, the causal model of quantum theory reduces to the quantum formalism itself, which distributes outcomes across separate localities without providing enough information to determine what those outcomes are. More specifically, depending on subtleties of interpretation, the quantum formalism requires either: (A) There exists a bit of physical information such that this bit exists as mutually exclusive states, or (B) there exists a bit of physical information such that this bit is not physically informed. They are both contradictions. Pick your poison. Or reconsider local realism. See ** http://vixra.org/abs/1704.0078 ** Local Realism Explains Bell Violations (author Andrew P. Yake) - for a demonstration that all empirical evidence taken to support quantum theory over local realism plausibly does the reverse. The article comprises 8 pages, 4 figures, 6 equations, 32 references, 1 graph of testable predictions, and 2 paragraphs that purport to expose how the Bell inequality misrepresents the local realistic predictions for the EPR experiment. Thoughtful feedback appreciated (apyake@gmail.com).
"In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen questioned whether quantum mechanics can be complete, as it seemingly does not adhere to a natural view of reality: local realism, which is the notion that an event can only be influenced by events in the past lightcone, and can only influence events in the future lightcone. This question sparked a philosophical debate that lasted for three decades, until John Bell demonstrated that not only are quantum mechanics and local realism philosophically incompatible, but they predict different statistical results for an appropriate set of measurements on entangled particles, which changed the debate to a scientific discussion. Since then, Bell inequality violations have occurred in a plethora of systems, hinting that local realism is indeed wrong. However, every experiment had imperfections that complicated the interpretation --- the experiments had so-called ""loopholes"" which allowed local realism to persist. In this manuscript, we present our work in using optimized sources of entangled photons to perform the long-sought loophole-free Bell test. This landmark experiment invalidates local realism to the best that science will allow. Beyond answering questions on reality, these Bell tests have a important application in generating provably-secure private random numbers, which then can be used as a seed for cryptographic applications. Not only do we demonstrate that nonlocality must exist, but we begin an experimental exploration in an attempt to understand and quantify this nonlocality. We do so by considering all theories that obey no-signaling (or relativistic causality). In our experiments, we observe the counter-intuitive feature of measuring more nonlocality with less entangled states. We also place a bound on the predictive power of any theory that obeys relativistic causality. And finally, we are able to measure quantum correlations only attainable through complex qubits. This work merely begins to probe the quantum boundary, beginning a journey that may someday find evidence of a beyond-quantum theory."
The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) nonlocality puzzle has been recognized as one of the most important unresolved issues in the foundational aspects of quantum mechanics. We show that the problem is more or less entirely resolved, if the quantum correlations are calculated directly from local quantities, which preserve the phase information in the quantum system. We assume strict locality for the probability amplitudes instead of local realism for the outcomes and calculate an amplitude correlation function. Then the experimentally observed correlation of outcomes is calculated from the square of the amplitude correlation function. Locality of amplitudes implies that measurement on one particle does not collapse the companion particle to a definite state. Apart from resolving the EPR puzzle, this approach shows that the physical interpretation of apparently “nonlocal” effects, such as quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping, are different from what is usually assumed. Bell-type measurements do not change distant states. Yet the correlations are correctly reproduced, when measured, if complex probability amplitudes are treated as the basic local quantities. As examples, we derive the quantum correlations of two-particle maximally entangled states and the three-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entangled state.