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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Trapped Ion Qubit Operations with Ultrashort Pulses

Wesley C. Campbell, Qudsia Sara Quraishi, Jonathan Mizrahi, Christopher R. Monroe

Published Jan 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We describe an experiment to achieve ultrafast qubit operations on trapped 171Yb+ ions. We plan to use a series of short optical pulses to perform bit rotations and multi-bit entangling gates independent of ion temperature.
DOI
10.1364/cleo.2009.jthe99

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All of the essential elements for a trapped ion quantum computer have been demonstrated in previous experiments. There are, however, many technical challenges to scaling the number of quantum bits from the current state-of-the-art (about 8) to the number of qubits needed for practical quantum computing. Although there is experimental evidence supporting one possible method (using cw laser pulses and common motional modes as the ion interaction) for deterministic ion entanglement, it is not known if that will ultimately be the most practical method for building a large-scale quantum computer. One model for scalable quantum computing with trapped ions calls for large interconnected arrays of small traps. Several advancements reported in this work include the development of three layer alumina traps as well as MEMS fabricated microtraps. Other models for scalable trapped ion quantum computing do not call for local entanglement or call for relaxed constraints on the motional control of the ions. These proposals require the use of ultrafast laser pulses interacting with the ions. This work reviews several experiments that explore the interaction between the ultrafast laser and single tripped ions including early indication of ultrafast control and entanglement between a single ion and a single photon frequency qubit.
Trapped atomic ions are a promising medium for quantum computing, due to their long coherence times and potential for scalability. Current methods of entangling ions rely on addressing individual modes of motion within the trap and applying qubit state dependent forces with external fields. This approach can limit the speed of entangling gates and make them vulnerable to decoherence due to coupling to unwanted modes or ion heating. This thesis is directed towards demonstrating novel entanglement schemes which are not limited by the trap frequency, and can be made almost arbitrarily fast. Towards this goal, I report here on the first experiments using ultrafast laser pulses to control the internal and external states of a single trapped ion. I begin with experiments in ultrafast spin control, showing how a single laser pulse can be used to completely control both spin degrees of freedom of the ion qubit in tens of picoseconds. I also show how a train of weak pulses can be used to drive Raman transitions based on a frequency comb. I then discuss experiments using pulses to rapidly entangle the spin with the motion, and how careful spectral redistribution allows a single pulse to execute a spin-dependent momentum kick. Finally, I explain how these spin-dependent momentum kicks can be used in the future to create an ultrafast entangling gate. I go over how such a gate would work, and present experimentally realizable timing sequences which would create a maximally entangled state of two ions in a time faster than the period of motion in the trap.
Trapped atomic ions are a promising medium for quantum computing, due to their long coherence times and potential for scalability. Current methods of en-tangling ions rely on addressing individual modes of motion within the trap and applying qubit state dependent forces with external fields. This approach can limit the speed of entangling gates and make them vulnerable to decoherence due to coupling to unwanted modes or ion heating. This thesis is directed towards demon-strating novel entanglement schemes which are not limited by the trap frequency, and can be made almost arbitrarily fast. Towards this goal, I report here on the first experiments using ultrafast laser pulses to control the internal and external states of a single trapped ion. I begin with experiments in ultrafast spin control, showing how a single laser pulse can be used to completely control both spin degrees of freedom of the ion qubit in tens of picoseconds. I also show how a train of weak pulses can be used to drive Raman transitions based on a frequency comb. I then discuss exper-iments using pulses to rapidly entangle the spin with the motion, and how careful spectral redistribution allows a single pulse to execute a spin-dependent momentum kick. Finally, I explain how these spin-dependent momentum kicks can be used in the future to create an ultrafast entangling gate. I go over how such a gate would work, and present experimentally realizable timing sequences which would create a maximally entangled state of two ions in a time faster than the period of motion in the trap.
Trapped ions offer a controlled and versatile platform for the simulation of spin and spin-boson quantum systems. The Coulomb interaction between ions trapped in a harmonic potential can be used to mediate interactions between effective spins in the ion chain. Generally, coherent operations on ions are performed on ground-state qubits encoded in magnetically insensitive hyperfine sublevels. In this thesis, we extend this toolbox with the aim of simultaneously manipulating both ground-state and optical qubits, with the latter encoded in metastable optically excited states. The optical qubit provides another set of coherent and dissipative operations that can be performed on the ions, opening new avenues for quantum computing and simulation. In our experiment, we use 171Yb+ and 172Yb+ ions to encode ground-state and optical qubits. We discuss the laser setup needed to address the narrow quadrupole transition from 2S1/2 →2 D3/2 of 3.02 Hz linewidth, and we describe spectroscopy techniques to study this transition in both the isotopes. We describe how the low linewidth allows resolved sideband cooling on the shared motional modes in an ion chain, enabling sympathetic cooling with one ion, 172Yb+ , while simultaneously performing coherent operations on the 171Yb+ ion. Finally, we discuss the prospects of using this tool for light-shift entangling gates, showing the flexibility of this trapped-ion system for simulating coherent as well as dissipative quantum systems.
We demonstrate quantum entanglement of two trapped atomic ion qubits using a sequence of ultrafast laser pulses. Unlike previous demonstrations of entanglement mediated by the Coulomb interaction, this scheme does not require confinement to the Lamb-Dicke regime and can be less sensitive to ambient noise due to its speed. To elucidate the physics of an ultrafast phase gate, we generate a high entanglement rate using just ten pulses, each of ∼20 ps duration, and demonstrate an entangled Bell state with (76±1)% fidelity. These results pave the way for entanglement operations within a large collection of qubits by exciting only local modes of motion.