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IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

On the Monomiality of Nice Error Bases

Andreas Klappenecker, Martin Rötteler

Published Feb 28, 2005• 26 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Unitary error bases generalize the Pauli matrices to higher dimensional systems. Two basic constructions of unitary error bases are known: An algebraic construction by Knill that yields nice error bases, and a combinatorial construction by Werner that yields shift-and-multiply bases. An open problem posed by Schlingemann and Werner relates these two constructions and asks whether each nice error basis is equivalent to a shift-and-multiply basis. We solve this problem and show that the answer is negative. However, we find that nice error bases have more structure than one can anticipate from their definition. In particular, we show that nice error bases can be written in a form in which at least half of the matrix entries are 0.

DOI
10.1109/tit.2004.842573

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Unitary error bases generalize the Pauli matrices to higher dimensional systems. Two basic constructions of unitary error bases are known: An algebraic construction by Knill that yields nice error bases, and a combinatorial construction by Werner that yields shift-and-multiply bases. An open problem posed by Schlingemann and Werner relates these two constructions and asks whether each nice error basis is equivalent to a shift-and-multiply basis. We solve this problem and show that the answer is negative. However, we find that nice error bases have more structure than one can anticipate from their definition. In particular, we show that nice error bases can be written in a form in which at least half of the matrix entries are 0.
Unitary error bases generalize the Pauli matrices to higher dimensional systems. Two basic constructions of unitary error bases are known: An algebraic construction by Knill, which yields nice error bases, and a combinatorial construction by Werner, which yields shift-and-multiply bases. An open problem posed by Schlingemann and Werner (see http://www.imaph.tu-bs.de/qi/problems/6.html) relates these two constructions and asks whether each nice error basis is equivalent to a shift-and-multiply basis. We solve this problem and show that the answer is negative. However, we also show that it is always possible to find a fairly sparse representation of a nice error basis.
Nice error bases are a fundamental primitive of quantum information processing. For example, they govern the discretization of errors in quantum error-correcting codes. It is show that the generalized Pauli basis, the most widely used example of nice error bases, has some remarkable structural properties. However, the generalized Pauli basis is limited to dimensions that are a power of a prime, since it is constructed with the help of a finite field. A wider class of nice error bases is introduced that shares many features of the generalized Pauli basis, yet allows one to remove the restriction to prime power dimensions. The nice error bases are indexed by nearrings. Nearrings that support the construction of nice error bases are called nice. It is shown that all finite nearfields are nice. It is shown that a finite ring is nice if and only if it finite Frobenius ring. Several fundamental properties of nice nearrings are established.
Unitary error bases have a great number of applications across quantum information and quantum computation, and are fundamentally linked to quantum teleportation, dense coding and quantum error correction. Werner's combinatorial construction builds a unitary error basis from a family of Hadamard matrices and a Latin square. In this dissertation, I give a new categorical axiomatisation of Latin squares, and use this to give a fully graphical presentation and proof of the correctness of Werner's construction. The categorical approach makes clear that some of the Latin square axioms are unnecessary for the construction to go through, and I propose a generalised construction scheme with the potential to create new classes of unitary error bases.
In this paper we introduce quantum Latin squares, combinatorial quantum objects which generalize classical Latin squares, and investigate their applications in quantum computer science. Our main results are on applications to unitary error bases (UEBs), basic structures in quantum information which lie at the heart of procedures such as teleportation, dense coding and error correction. We present a new method for constructing a UEB from a quantum Latin square equipped with extra data. Developing construction techniques for UEBs has been a major activity in quantum computation, with three primary methods proposed: shift-and-multiply, Hadamard, and group theoretic. We show that our new approach simultaneously generalizes the shift-and multiply and Hadamard methods. Furthermore, we explicitly construct a UEB using our technique which we prove cannot be obtained from any of these existing methods.