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Canadian Journal of Physics

On the light shift in optical pumping of rubidium 87: the techniques of "separated" and "integrated" hyperfine filtering

Jaques Vanier, R. Kunski, Peter Paulin, M. Têtu, Normand Cyr

Published Oct 1, 1982• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Results of measurements of light shifts observed in the optical pumping of rubidium 87 by means of electrodeless rubidium lamps are reported. The techniques of separated and integrated hyperfine filtering by means of the rubidium 85 isotope are compared. A phenomenological theory which explains qualitatively the results obtained is presented. Conclusions are drawn in relation to the use of either technique in passive rubidium frequency standards.

DOI
10.1139/p82-188

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Results of measurements of light shifts observed in the optical pumping of rubidium 87 by means of electrodeless rubidium lamps are reported. The techniques of separated and integrated hyperfine filtering by means of the rubidium 85 isotope are compared. A phenomenological theory which explains qualitatively the results obtained is presented. Conclusions are drawn in relation to the use of either technique in passive rubidium frequency standards.
Abstract : Results of calculation and measurements on the light shift and buffer gas shift in passive rubidium frequency standards are reported. The light shift was measured for two configurations: the separated filter and the integrated filter approaches. A phenomenological analysis, which describes well the results obtained, is presented. Measurements of the frequency shifts created by various buffer gases-pure or mixture- are reported. A nonlinear dependence of frequency versus temperature is observed. The results are compared to already published data and a simple analysis using an equation quadratic in temperature is used to explain those results. (Author)
Abstract : In this work, we consider the light-shift coefficients observed in rubidium (Rb) atomic frequency standards, and how the units of measurement reported for light-shift coefficients trace back to the underlying physical parameters of the light-shift. We then measure the light-shift coefficient in an integrated filter-cell, commercial Rb clock, which is similar to the Rb clock design currently flying on Galileo and BeiDou satellites. We measure the light-shift coefficient for two different rf-discharge lamps (i.e., a pure 87 Rb lamp and a lamp filled with the natural Rb isotope abundance), and show that under certain conditions it is possible to combine light-shift data. Our light-shift coefficients are consistent with those reported for the Galileo Rb clock under the assumption of a natural (or 85 Rb isotopically enriched) rf- discharge lamp for the Galileo clock.
The frequency shifts of the (F = 2, m = 0)--(F = 3, m = 0) transition in the 5 /sup 2/S/sub 1//sub ///sub 2/ state have been calculated for the /sup 85/Rb isotope on perturbation of the unpolarized light of the D1 line (lambda = 794.7 nm) of a spectral lamp as functions of the temperature of the absorbing vapor, the pressure of the buffer gas, and the length of the cell. The change in intensity and spectral distribution in the emitted light as it passes through the cell, containing rubibium vapor, has been taken into account. Experimentally measured contour lines of standard spectral lamps were used in the calculations.
A pulsed optical pumping rubidium frequency standard has been constructed for the purpose of eliminating the light shift and investigation the long-term frequency stability in the absence of light shifts. The device used employs a very small physics package that occupies a total volume of only 260 cc. Initial measurements of the light shift for this device showed that the light shift was reduced by about an order of magnitude: to approximately -1.5 times 10 to the -10th power fractional frequency shift for a 30$ reduction in light intensity. Under these conditions, the square root of the Allan variance was determined to be of the order of parts in 10 to the 12th power for averaging times of 24 hrs and 48 hrs.
The linewidth and frequency associated with the ground state hyperfine energy fo Rb 87 has been studied. A stable single mode semiconductor laser is used to optically pump Rb, in order to obtain a highly collimated, monochromatic light source. The laser is stabilized by locking its optical frequency to the Rb absorption line center. The dependence of the hyperfine frequency and resonance linewidth have been measured as a function of temperature, light intensity and microwave power; and a theoretical description of the linewidth vs. temperature data is presented. Keywords: Optical pumping; Rubidium; Frequency standard; Frequency shift; Light shift; Density matrix; Buffer gas; Linewidth; and Magnetic resonance.