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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Simulation Results on Submillimeter Wave Detection by Josephson Fluxonic Diode and a Method to Address Its Focal Plane Array

Farshid Raissi

Published Mar 1, 2006• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Application of radiation to a reverse-biased Josephson fluxonic diode (JFD) creates vortex-antivortex pairs. Pairs are created at each peak of sinusoidal radiation and move under the application of the bias current, exhibiting a voltage which depends on the frequency of incoming radiation. Simulation results for frequencies ranging from 50 to 700 GHz have been obtained. A simple and practical addressing scheme is proposed for a matrix of JFD pixels. Ease of fabrication, inherent gain, simultaneous determination of amplitude and frequency of radiation, large output current, and simple addressability in focal plane arrays are among the advantages of JFD as a direct submillimeter wave detector

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2005.863520

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Application of radiation to a reverse-biased Josephson fluxonic diode (JFD) creates vortex-antivortex pairs. Pairs are created at each peak of sinusoidal radiation and move under the application of the bias current, exhibiting a voltage which depends on the frequency of incoming radiation. Simulation results for frequencies ranging from 50 to 700 GHz have been obtained. A simple and practical addressing scheme is proposed for a matrix of JFD pixels. Ease of fabrication, inherent gain, simultaneous determination of amplitude and frequency of radiation, large output current, and simple addressability in focal plane arrays are among the advantages of JFD as a direct submillimeter wave detector
Josephson Fluxonic Diode (JFD) provides a very nonlinear characteristic in comparison with a long Josephson junction at microwave frequencies. This nonlinearity is highly accentuated by creation and dynamics of vortex-antivortex pairs in two disparate modes of operation; forward and reverse-bias. Experimental detection of microwave frequencies through this device is not solely dependent on the geometry and seems to change drastically with the different operating condition. This paper attempts to understand the microwave characteristic of this device with respect to its bias and control current and rf-exposed boundary conditions defined in RCSJ model of JFD. Based on the simulation results, for a finite length of a JFD excited by a low-amplitude microwave signal below its plasma frequency, control current increases the rate of vortex-antivortex pair generation and fine-tunes the microwave resistance (Rω) up to an order of magnitude more than its zero magnetic field resistance (R0). Under this circumstance, adding the bias current which can move generated vortex-antivortex pairs causes a substantial increase up to three orders of magnitude compared to R0either in forward or reverse-bias, while damping coefficient 1/√βc(βcis Stewart-McCumber parameter of Josephson junction) can limit this increase. It has also been shown that the variation of polarity, frequency, or amplitude of incoming microwave signal can impact on the impedance due to its relation with pair generation rate and so causes variations in observed impedance both in linear and nonlinear form. According to the results, low-microwave impedance of a JFD can be multiplied externally using biasing sets to match with high-impedance sources, which justifies its detection mechanism at microwave frequency.
Superconducting tunnel diodes (SISs) are investigated for both the generation and detection of submillimeter wavelengths. For detection, heterodyne receivers using SISs are investigated. Josephson currents are found to have a large effect on SIS mixers in the submillimeter, even though their effect is less at lower frequencies. At 492 GHz, fixer conversion gain increased by 4 dB when Josephson currents are not suppressed by a magnetic field. A much higher noise is seen in this gain mode, but further investigation of this recently discovered phenomenon is warranted. For submillimeter generation, a two-dimensional array of SISs is investigated. The ac Josephson effect in the SIS is expected to deliver submillimeter power into a free-space radiation mode traveling perpendicular to the array. No experimental devices have been developed yet, but the authors show computer simulations and microwave scale model measurements of array structures.
We report heterodyne measurements of Josephson microwave radiation emitted by a parallel array of small superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions at submillimeter-wave frequencies. The array consists of five Nb/Al–AlOx/Nb junctions nonevenly distributed in a niobium superconducting stripline, and is optimized for rf coupling in the 450–640 GHz range. We observed Fiske-like resonant steps in its I-V curve in the presence of magnetic field. The device was placed in a waveguide mount, and its radiation was quasioptically coupled out of the cryostat, to a SIS-mixer spectrometer in the same frequency range, with a 4–8 GHz band for spectral analysis. We detected a coherent signal in the spectra when the array was biased on the first and third steps, respectively, at the first harmonic frequency of 242 GHz and at the fundamental frequency of 493 GHz, both being the Josephson frequencies associated with their dc voltages. This strongly suggests that this type of parallel arrays optimized for wideband rf coupling, though strongly discretized, hosts dynamic fluxon regimes similar to long Josephson junctions, which could find applications in superconducting digital electronics or integrated heterodyne submillimeter-wave receivers.
We fabricated a Josephson junction array with an additional inductive coupling line to detect the high frequency and power of Josephson self-radiation. The YBa2Cu3O y Josephson junctions are fabricated by a pulsed laser deposition method on bicrystal MgO substrates. We measured the submillimeter wave and the Josephson self-radiation power in an external waveguide system. The Josephson junction arrays showed the resistively shunted junction (RSJ)-like current–voltage characteristics and good frequency-locking of Josephson self-radiation. As the number of Josephson junctions increased, the maximum detected power was increased. We observed the maximum frequency of above 6 THz for Josephson self-radiation in the array with 11 Josephson junctions from the Shapiro steps under 22 GHz irradiation.
Development of two types of submillimeter-wave superconducting direct detectors are described. One is the SIS video detector and the other is the SIS photon detector. Using 500 GHz parallel connected twin junction device, video detector performance is eluted. High quantum efficiency in wide frequency range in submillimeter-wave and low noise performance is achieved. Noise equivalent power of 6 X 10-14 W/(root)Hz is measured at operating temperature of 1.5 K and bias voltage of 0.5 mV. Further improvements using distributed junction array is addressed. Large area niobium SIS junction (100 micrometer X 50 micrometer X 2) is used as a photon detection device and their thermal, electrical and optical performance is evaluated. Leakage current decrease more than three orders of magnitude at 0.5 K compared to that at 4.2 K. Noise of the device is limited by the shot noise.
Superconducting detectors play a crucial role in astronomy, particularly at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths, due to their high sensitivity, ease of fabrication, and potential for integration into large arrays.Josephson junction detectors, which utilize high-temperature superconductors, offer a promising design option because they can operate at higher temperatures.In this paper, we aim to design and simulate two detectors based on high-temperature Josephson junctions for millimeter and sub-millimeter waves.To achieve this goal, we employed the Riblet directional coupler to develop detector arrays.We evaluated the frequency response, quality factor, and loss in these detectors.The experimental results indicate that constructing larger arrays and reducing the gap between the coupler and resonators can enhance the quality factor.We demonstrate this improvement by presenting the quality factors for two different gaps in each spectrum.