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Helvetica Physica Acta (Switzerland)

Binary orthologic with modus ponens is either orthomodular or distributive

Mladen Pavičić, Norman D. Megill

Published Dec 1, 1998• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We show that binary orthologic becomes either quantum or classical logic when nothing but modus ponens rule is added to it, depending on the kind of the operation of implication used. We also show that in the usual approach the rule characterizes neither quantum nor classical logic. The dierence turns out to stem from the chosen valuation on a model of a logic. Thus algebraic mappings of axioms of standard quantum logics would fail to yield an orthomodular lattice if a unary|as opposed to binary|valuation were used. Instead, non-orthomodular nontrivial varieties of orthologic are obtained. We also discuss the computational eciency of the binary quantum logic and stress its importance for quantum computation and related algorithms.

DOI
10.5169/seals-117125

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We show that binary orthologic becomes either quantum or classical logic when nothing but modus ponens rule is added to it, depending on the kind of the operation of implication used. We also show that in the usual approach the rule characterizes neither quantum nor classical logic. The dierence turns out to stem from the chosen valuation on a model of a logic. Thus algebraic mappings of axioms of standard quantum logics would fail to yield an orthomodular lattice if a unary|as opposed to binary|valuation were used. Instead, non-orthomodular nontrivial varieties of orthologic are obtained. We also discuss the computational eciency of the binary quantum logic and stress its importance for quantum computation and related algorithms.
Abstract. It is shown that propositional calculuses of both quantum and classical logics are noncategorical. We find that quantum logic is in addition to an orthomodular lattice also modeled by a weakly orthomodular lattice and that classical logic is in addition to a Boolean algebra also modeled by a weakly distributive lattice. Both new models turn out to be non-orthomodular. We prove the soundness and completeness of the calculuses for the models. We also prove that all the operations in an orthomodular lattice are five-fold defined. In the end we discuss possible repercussions of our results to quantum computations and quantum computers.
In the present article, we explore a new approach for the study of orthomodular lattices, where we replace the problematic conjunction by a binary operator, called the Sasaki projection. We present a characterization of orthomodular lattices based on the use of an algebraic version of the Sasaki projection operator (together with orthocomplementation) rather than on the conjunction. We then define of a new logic, which we call Sasaki Orthologic, which is closely related to quantum logic, and provide a rule-based definition of this logic.
The purpose of this paper is to give an axiom system for quantum logic. Here quantum logic is considered to have the structure of an orthomodular lattice. Some authors assume that it has the structure of an orthomodular poset. In finding this axiom system the implication algebra given in Finch [1] has been very useful. Finch shows there that this algebra can be produced from an orthomodular lattice and vice versa. Definition. An orthocomplementation N on a poset (partially ordered set) whose partial ordering is denoted by ≤ and which has least and greatest elements 0 and 1 is a unary operation satisfying the following: (1) the greatest lower bound of a and Na exists and is 0, (2) a ≤ b implies Nb ≤ Na, (3) NNa = a. Definition. An orthomodular lattice is a lattice with meet ∧, join ∨, least and greatest elements 0 and 1 and an orthocomplementation N satisfying where a ≤ b means a ∧ b = a, as usual. Definition. A Finch implication algebra is a poset with a partial ordering ≤, least and greatest elements 0 and 1 which is orthocomplemented by N. In addition, it has a binary operation → satisfying the following: An orthomodular lattice gives a Finch implication algebra by defining → by A Finch implication algebra can be changed into an orthomodular lattice by defining the meet ∧ and join ∨ by The orthocomplementation is unchanged in both cases.
We show that, for every orthogonal lub-complete poset P, we can introduce multiple-valued implications sharing properties with quantum implications presented for orthomodular lattices by Kalmbach. We call them classical implication, Kalmbach implication, non-tolens implication, Dishkant implication and Sasaki implication. If the classical implication satisfies the order property, then the corresponding orthologic becomes classical and vice versa. If the Kalmbach or non-tolens or Dishkant or Sasaki implication meets the order property, then the corresponding orthologic becomes quantum and vice versa. A related result for the modus ponens rule is obtained.
We consider a proper propositional quantum logic and show that it has multiple disjoint lattice models, only one of which is an orthomodular lattice (algebra) underlying Hilbert (quantum) space. We give an equivalent proof for the classical logic which turns out to have disjoint distributive and nondistributive ortholattices. In particular, we prove that both classical logic and quantum logic are sound and complete with respect to each of these lattices. We also show that there is one common nonorthomodular lattice that is a model of both quantum and classical logic. In technical terms, that enables us to run the same classical logic on both a digital (standard, two-subset, 0-1-bit) computer and a nondigital (say, a six-subset) computer (with appropriate chips and circuits). With quantum logic, the same six-element common lattice can serve us as a benchmark for an efficient evaluation of equations of bigger lattice models or theorems of the logic.
Quantum logic is usually presented as a non-classical departure from ordinary reasoning forced on us by quantum mechanics, with classical logic kept as the secure starting point. We argue for the opposite order of explanation in a finite and fully computable setting. The free orthomodular lattice on two generators has ninety-six elements, the direct product of a six-element non-distributive factor and a sixteen-element Boolean factor. Reading the first factor as a register of contexts and the second as Boolean content, we obtain a calculus whose elements are context--bit-vector pairs and whose operations act component by component. With this calculus we establish three results. First, we classify the six layers by commutativity, identifying the central kernel of context-neutral propositions together with a dual central layer in which all complementary contexts are present. Second, we show that orthocomplementation rearranges the layers exactly as the complementation of the small factor rearranges its elements, which makes the duality among the layers rigid rather than accidental. Third, we prove that the operation forgetting the context is a surjective homomorphism of orthocomplemented lattices whose quotient is the classical Boolean algebra, so that classical logic is a six-to-one, information-losing image of the contextual calculus.