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International Journal of Quantum Information

QUANTUM SECURE DIRECT COMMUNICATION WITH QUANTUM IDENTIFICATION

Zhiwei Sun, Ruigang Du, Dongyang Long

Published Oct 10, 2011• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A one-way quantum secure direct communication protocol with quantum identification utilizing two-photon three-qubit linear cluster states is proposed. The protocol can be used to transmit a secret message and identify user's identification simultaneously. The transmission of information is instantaneous, i.e. the information can be decoded during the transmission and no final transmission of additional information is needed. We prove its robustness against attacks: Any attempt of an adversary to obtain information (and even a bit of information) necessarily induces some errors that the legitimate parties could notice, even in noisy environments. Moreover, this protocol achieves a high efficiency and source capacity since more qubits can be encoded on the same photon.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749911008386

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A one-way quantum secure direct communication protocol with quantum identification utilizing two-photon three-qubit linear cluster states is proposed. The protocol can be used to transmit a secret message and identify user's identification simultaneously. The transmission of information is instantaneous, i.e. the information can be decoded during the transmission and no final transmission of additional information is needed. We prove its robustness against attacks: Any attempt of an adversary to obtain information (and even a bit of information) necessarily induces some errors that the legitimate parties could notice, even in noisy environments. Moreover, this protocol achieves a high efficiency and source capacity since more qubits can be encoded on the same photon.
A novel efficient scheme for deterministic secure quantum communication with cluster state is proposed. By utilizing Bell-basis- and [Formula: see text]-basis-measurements, the two legitimate users can directly transmit secret message after exchanging some additional classical information. It has a high capacity as each cluster state can carry two bits of information, and has a high intrinsic efficiency because almost all the instances are useful. Since the present scheme is based on the cluster state which is robust against decoherence, it is easily processed by a one-way quantum computer. Furthermore, this scheme is feasible with present-day technique.
A novel efficient deterministic secure quantum communication protocol with four-qubit cluster states is proposed. By making Bell measurement and single-photon measurement, the two legitimate users can transmit the secret messages after exchanging some additional classical information. It has a high capacity as each cluster state can carry three bits of classical information, and its total efficiency of the quantum communication is 1/2, which is 2.5 times than that in the previous protocol. Analysis shows it is secure and feasible with present-day technique.
Two quantum secure direct communication schemes are proposed based on pure entangled states and ddd-dimensional single-photon states, respectively. In these two schemes, only single-photon measurements are required for the two authorized users and two practical quantum signal sources are used for carrying information, which makes the schemes more convenient than others in a practical application. Although each qubit can be read out after a transmission of additional classical information, it is unnecessary for the users to transmit qubits carrying the secret message, which will increase their bit rate and their security. The parties use decoy photons to check eavesdropping efficiently.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can transmit secret messages directly from one user to another without first establishing a shared secret key, which is different from quantum key distribution. In this paper, we propose a novel quantum secure direct communication protocol based on signal photons and Bell states. Before the execution of the proposed protocol, two participants Alice and Bob exchange their corresponding identity IDA and IDB through quantum key distribution and keep them secret, respectively. Then the message sender, Alice, encodes each secret message bit into two single photons (| 01〉or|10〉) or a Bell state , and composes an ordered secret message sequence. To insure the security of communication, Alice also prepares the decoy photons and inserts them into secret message sequence on the basis of the values of IDA and IDB. By the secret identity IDA and IDB, both sides of the communication can check eavesdropping and identify each other. The proposed protocol not only completes secure direct communication, but also realizes the mutual authentication. The security analysis of the proposed protocol is presented in the paper. The analysis results show that this protocol is secure against some common attacks, and no secret message leaks even if the messages are broken. Compared with the two-way QSDC protocols, the presented protocol is a one-way quantum communication protocol which has the immunity to Trojan horse attack. Furthermore, our proposed protocol can be realized without quantum memory.
In response to the demand for identity authentication in quantum secure direct communication, this paper proposes a quantum secure direct communication scheme based on a mixture of single photon and Bell state, by combining the bidirectional identity authentication. Before communication begins, both parties share a series of secret information to prepare a series of single photon and Bell state particles. Encoding four single photons and four Bell states yields eight types of encoded information, followed by identity authentication. The first step in identity authentication is to use a single photon to verify the legitimacy of the receiver. If the error exceeds the given threshold, it indicates the presence of eavesdropping. Otherwise, the channel is safe. Then, Bell state particles are used to verify the legitimacy of the sender, and the threshold is also used to determine whether there is eavesdropping. The present method is the same as previous one. If the error rate is higher than the given threshold, it indicates the existence of third-party eavesdropping. Otherwise, it indicates that the channel is secure. As for the specific verification method, it will be explained in detail in the article. Afterwards, Bell state particles are mixed with a single photon as a transmission carrier, and eavesdropping detection particles are added whenever the quantum state is sent. However, once the eavesdropper intercepts the transmitted particles, owing to incomplete information obtained, the eavesdropper is unable to recover the original information, and the eavesdropping behavior will be immediately detected, thus terminating communication. In this scheme, single photon and Bell states are fully utilized, and hybrid communication can effectively improve transmission efficiency, encoding capability, and quantum bit utilization. Security analysis shows that this scheme can resist common external and internal attacks such as interception/measurement replay attacks, auxiliary particle attacks, and identity impersonation attacks. The analysis of efficiency and encoding capacity shows that the transmission efficiency of this scheme is 1, the encoding capacity is 3 bits per state, and the quantum bit utilization rate is 1. Compared with other schemes, this scheme has significant advantages because it uses different particles for bidirectional authentication, making it more difficult for attackers to crack, and thus it has higher security than traditional schemes.
We present a new quantum secure direct communication protocol with three-particle entangled state. The communication parties utilize decoy photons to check eavesdropping. The sender encodes the secret message with unitary transformation, we can directly transmit secret message with Bell-basis measurement and Z-basis measurement. The protocol is efficient in that all entangled states are used to transmit the secret message and two bits message can be transmitted one time, the preparation of three-particle entangled state is realized technique, the protocol is feasible to operate. The protocol is also verified to be secure for a noise quantum channel.