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Technical Physics

Double radiooptical resonance in 87Rb atomic vapor in cells with antirelaxation wall coating

A. N. Litvinov, Georgy A. Kazakov, Boris G. Matisov, I. E. Mazets

Published Feb 1, 2009• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The object of investigation is double radiooptic resonance in 87 Rb atomic vapor contained in a cell covered by an antirelaxation coating. The Dicke narrowing is studied in terms of the quantum-kinetic approach. It is found that optical pumping using a laser with a “wide” radiation spectrum makes it possible to improve the short-term stability of the frequency standard by an order of magnitude compared with a narrow-spectrum laser.

DOI
10.1134/s1063784209020170

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Double radio-optical resonance in87RB atomic vapour in a finite-size bufferless cell

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We study theoretically the formation of a double radio-optical resonance (DROR) in 87 Rb vapour in a cell with an anti-relaxation coating. We develop a quantum-kinetic approach to the study of the Dicke narrowing. We examine various DROR schemes for different polarizations of the laser radiation. We find that the short-term stability σy of a DROR-based frequency standard improves significantly (by an order of magnitude) if a laser with a broad spectrum is used, in comparison to the case of excitation by a narrow-band laser radiation, and reaches ultimately the value σy ∼ 1 × 10 −14 τ −1/2 , where τ is the integration time (in seconds).

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In this paper, we present our studies on double resonance using atomic 87Rb in a wall-coated cell, in view of applications in a laser-pumped Rb atomic frequency standard. We study the systematic clock frequency shifts in a wall-coated cell, such as light shift, microwave power shift [11, 12] and shift due to cell temperature [13] (for the cell body, and for the Rb reservoir, also called the cell stem). We also report on our clock stability measurement using the wallcoated cell in DR scheme, and discuss the influence of the shift parameters first on the frequency stability of the clock.

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Double-resonance studies on compact, high-performance rubidium cell frequency standards

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This thesis presents experimental studies on continuous-wave (CW) laser-microwave double-resonance (DR) spectroscopy and metrology in rubidium (87Rb) vapor cells in view of new high-performance, compact Rb-cell atomic clocks. The Rb vapor cell is confined inside a magnetron-type cavity microwave resonator (MWR). The CW DR spectroscopy involves two resonant electromagnetic fields that are operated simultaneously to interrogate the atoms - the optical field to polarize the atoms by optical pumping, and the microwave field to drive the ground-state hyperfine clock transition that serves as an atomic frequency reference. Details on characterization of compact laser heads and microwave synthesizers used in this work are presented. The vapor cell standards are useful in our everyday lives for applications ranging from telecommunications, navigation, metrology etc. In view of improving the performances of the Rb cell standards, two different clock approaches were studied in detail: The first one is on use of vapor cells (1.4 cm3) whose inner walls are coated with anti-relaxation material. A first ever wall-coated cell clock was demonstrated with good short-term frequency stability. The medium- to long-term stability was found to be limited by the temperature coefficient (TC) of the coating material itself. This work gave the insight to important features to be considered in future anti-relaxation coating materials for atomic standards. The second novel approach involves using a bigger cell (12 cm3) within a newly developed, improved MWR towards a high-performance atomic standard. Adopting a larger cell gives a higher atomic Q-factor signal that improves the short-term clock stability. In this approach, the cell was filled with 87Rb and buffer gases. With this clock, we demonstrate the state-of-the-art short-term stability of <1.4×10−13 τ−1/2. Metrological quantitative measurements on parameters influencing the medium- to long-term stability were studied in view of next generation satellite navigation systems that demand a stability level of <1×10−14 at 10 4 s (equivalent to <1 ns/day). The potential of short-term stability and understanding of the limiting factors on medium- to long-term time scales demonstrated in this study pave the way for future work towards the commercialization of high-performance Rb atomic clocks for a variety of applications.

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We have realized and studied a rubidium atomic frequency standard based on a paraffin-coated cell, exhibiting a short-term frequency stability <3 × 10−12 τ−1/2 between τ = 1 and 100 s. Characterization of the wall-coating is performed by measuring the T1 and T2 relaxation times. Perturbations of the medium- to long-term clock stability, due to variations in the laser-intensity, laser frequency, the microwave power shift, and the shifts due to temperature variations are measured and analyzed. A method for reducing the intensity light-shift by detuning the laser frequency and the resulting improvement in clock stability is demonstrated. This work is of relevance for further improvements on Rb cell standards using anti-relaxation wall-coating technology.

Journal of Applied Physics•Jun 15, 2012•37 citations
The object of investigation is double radiooptic resonance in 87 Rb atomic vapor contained in a cell covered by an antirelaxation coating. The Dicke narrowing is studied in terms of the quantum-kinetic approach. It is found that optical pumping using a laser with a “wide” radiation spectrum makes it possible to improve the short-term stability of the frequency standard by an order of magnitude compared with a narrow-spectrum laser.
We study theoretically the formation of a double radio-optical resonance (DROR) in 87 Rb vapour in a cell with an anti-relaxation coating. We develop a quantum-kinetic approach to the study of the Dicke narrowing. We examine various DROR schemes for different polarizations of the laser radiation. We find that the short-term stability σy of a DROR-based frequency standard improves significantly (by an order of magnitude) if a laser with a broad spectrum is used, in comparison to the case of excitation by a narrow-band laser radiation, and reaches ultimately the value σy ∼ 1 × 10 −14 τ −1/2 , where τ is the integration time (in seconds).
In this paper, we present our studies on double resonance using atomic 87Rb in a wall-coated cell, in view of applications in a laser-pumped Rb atomic frequency standard. We study the systematic clock frequency shifts in a wall-coated cell, such as light shift, microwave power shift [11, 12] and shift due to cell temperature [13] (for the cell body, and for the Rb reservoir, also called the cell stem). We also report on our clock stability measurement using the wallcoated cell in DR scheme, and discuss the influence of the shift parameters first on the frequency stability of the clock.
Abstract Destruction of the laser-induced coherence in the ground state of alkali atoms manifests itself as an ultra-narrow resonance in the atomic spectrum. Depending on the geometry of irradiation and observation, the coherent spectroscopy studies CPT (coherent population trapping), EIT (electromagnetically-induced transparency) or EIA (electromagnetically-induced absorption). In the present work, we investigated EIA on the D1 87Rb line by applying a counter-propagating dual-beam scheme. The main advantage of this scheme is the high resonance contrast – an important parameter for many applications. In our previous work performed in a paraffin-coated cell we observed that, unlike the resonance in buffer gas cell detected in the same experimental scheme, the EIA signal has a complex form, because it is formed by two atomic sub-ensembles in the vapor cell with different relaxation rates determined by the laser excitation conditions. We focused on the narrow component, since it has a higher amplitude-width ratio, making it preferable for applications. We investigate the influence of the atomic vapor density and the pump laser intensity on the resonance parameters in order to optimize the amplitude ratio of the wide and narrow components and achieve the highest amplitude-width ratio value for the narrow component of the EIA resonance.
This thesis presents experimental studies on continuous-wave (CW) laser-microwave double-resonance (DR) spectroscopy and metrology in rubidium (87Rb) vapor cells in view of new high-performance, compact Rb-cell atomic clocks. The Rb vapor cell is confined inside a magnetron-type cavity microwave resonator (MWR). The CW DR spectroscopy involves two resonant electromagnetic fields that are operated simultaneously to interrogate the atoms - the optical field to polarize the atoms by optical pumping, and the microwave field to drive the ground-state hyperfine clock transition that serves as an atomic frequency reference. Details on characterization of compact laser heads and microwave synthesizers used in this work are presented. The vapor cell standards are useful in our everyday lives for applications ranging from telecommunications, navigation, metrology etc. In view of improving the performances of the Rb cell standards, two different clock approaches were studied in detail: The first one is on use of vapor cells (1.4 cm3) whose inner walls are coated with anti-relaxation material. A first ever wall-coated cell clock was demonstrated with good short-term frequency stability. The medium- to long-term stability was found to be limited by the temperature coefficient (TC) of the coating material itself. This work gave the insight to important features to be considered in future anti-relaxation coating materials for atomic standards. The second novel approach involves using a bigger cell (12 cm3) within a newly developed, improved MWR towards a high-performance atomic standard. Adopting a larger cell gives a higher atomic Q-factor signal that improves the short-term clock stability. In this approach, the cell was filled with 87Rb and buffer gases. With this clock, we demonstrate the state-of-the-art short-term stability of <1.4×10−13 τ−1/2. Metrological quantitative measurements on parameters influencing the medium- to long-term stability were studied in view of next generation satellite navigation systems that demand a stability level of <1×10−14 at 10 4 s (equivalent to <1 ns/day). The potential of short-term stability and understanding of the limiting factors on medium- to long-term time scales demonstrated in this study pave the way for future work towards the commercialization of high-performance Rb atomic clocks for a variety of applications.
This thesis presents experimental studies on continuous-wave (CW) laser-microwave double-resonance (DR) spectroscopy and metrology in rubidium (87Rb) vapor cells in view of new high-performance, compact Rb-cell atomic clocks. The Rb vapor cell is confined inside a magnetron-type cavity microwave resonator (MWR). The CW DR spectroscopy involves two resonant electromagnetic fields that are operated simultaneously to interrogate the atoms - the optical field to polarize the atoms by optical pumping, and the microwave field to drive the ground-state hyperfine clock transition that serves as an atomic frequency reference. Details on characterization of compact laser heads and microwave synthesizers used in this work are presented. The vapor cell standards are useful in our everyday lives for applications ranging from telecommunications, navigation, metrology etc. In view of improving the performances of the Rb cell standards, two different clock approaches were studied in detail: The first one is on use of vapor cells (1.4 cm3) whose inner walls are coated with anti-relaxation material. A first ever wall-coated cell clock was demonstrated with good short-term frequency stability. The medium- to long-term stability was found to be limited by the temperature coefficient (TC) of the coating material itself. This work gave the insight to important features to be considered in future anti-relaxation coating materials for atomic standards. The second novel approach involves using a bigger cell (12 cm3) within a newly developed, improved MWR towards a high-performance atomic standard. Adopting a larger cell gives a higher atomic Q-factor signal that improves the short-term clock stability. In this approach, the cell was filled with 87Rb and buffer gases. With this clock, we demonstrate the state-of-the-art short-term stability of <1.4×10−13 τ−1/2. Metrological quantitative measurements on parameters influencing the medium- to long-term stability were studied in view of next generation satellite navigation systems that demand a stability level of <1×10−14 at 10 4 s (equivalent to <1 ns/day). The potential of short-term stability and understanding of the limiting factors on medium- to long-term time scales demonstrated in this study pave the way for future work towards the commercialization of high-performance Rb atomic clocks for a variety of applications.
We have realized and studied a rubidium atomic frequency standard based on a paraffin-coated cell, exhibiting a short-term frequency stability <3 × 10−12 τ−1/2 between τ = 1 and 100 s. Characterization of the wall-coating is performed by measuring the T1 and T2 relaxation times. Perturbations of the medium- to long-term clock stability, due to variations in the laser-intensity, laser frequency, the microwave power shift, and the shifts due to temperature variations are measured and analyzed. A method for reducing the intensity light-shift by detuning the laser frequency and the resulting improvement in clock stability is demonstrated. This work is of relevance for further improvements on Rb cell standards using anti-relaxation wall-coating technology.