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Modern Physics Letters B

RECENT PROGRESS ON MASS TRANSFER IN SEMICLASSICAL SYSTEMS

Jianyi Wang

Published Sep 10, 1995• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We present a brief review of recent progress in the transfer of an electron from a circular Rydberg atom to an impinging ion. This field has attracted considerable interest since the "exotic" semiclassical properties of these atoms afford an opportunity to study mass transfer in a regime where dynamic pathways can be well controlled. We report developments in the past two years in electron transfer between oriented circular Rydberg atoms and protons at collision speeds comparable to the electron orbital speed. Newly discovered results have solved a number of outstanding puzzles in the classical mass transfer theory, such as the Thomas two-step mechanism. Also discussed is the application of circular Rydberg atoms as semiclassical objects in a number of very different areas ranging from atomic physics, beam-foil interactions, to astrophysics.

DOI
10.1142/s0217984995001327

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•Sep 6, 2017•0 citations
We present a brief review of recent progress in the transfer of an electron from a circular Rydberg atom to an impinging ion. This field has attracted considerable interest since the "exotic" semiclassical properties of these atoms afford an opportunity to study mass transfer in a regime where dynamic pathways can be well controlled. We report developments in the past two years in electron transfer between oriented circular Rydberg atoms and protons at collision speeds comparable to the electron orbital speed. Newly discovered results have solved a number of outstanding puzzles in the classical mass transfer theory, such as the Thomas two-step mechanism. Also discussed is the application of circular Rydberg atoms as semiclassical objects in a number of very different areas ranging from atomic physics, beam-foil interactions, to astrophysics.
Highly‐excited and oriented Rydberg atoms of varying angular momenta are being used to study atomic interactions. The ‘‘exotic’’ semiclassical properties of these atoms present an opportunity for fine control of dynamic pathways. We report initial application of oriented Rydberg atoms to collision studies of electron capture by protons and positrons at intermediate collision speeds. Several novel features have been revealed, such as the double‐peak structures predicted in the angular scattering of projectiles under certain orientations. These structures are traced to the Thomas two‐step capture mechanism.
Charge transfer from high‐n atomic targets populates comparably excited states of ionic projectiles. This paper reviews a decade of accelerating experimental and theoretical progress in the field, which offers an unusual variety of challenges in the preparation of initial states and in the analysis of final states. Interesting dynamical questions at the interface of classical and quantum mechanics are posed by new experimental results. Rydberg atom phenomena are increasingly found to be important for other areas of atomic collision physics in all energy regimes.
Recent investigations of Rydberg atoms are described in an effort to give a picture of their properties, many of which can be understood from the behaviour of the Coulomb radial functions. The authors begin by a discussion of Coulomb wavefunctions, and progress to a description of the energy level structure. The behaviour of Rydberg atoms in electric fields is discussed to provide an understanding of the phenomenon and to show how electric field ionisation may be used as a tool in a wide variety of experiments. Unique opportunities to study the interaction with black-body radiation and vacuum fluctuations are discussed. A survey of the broad range of Rydberg atom collisions, with ground-state atoms and molecules, charged particles and other Rydberg atoms, is presented to show the different physical interactions responsible. This is followed by a brief summary of the study of autoionising Rydberg states, a stepping stone toward the elusive 'double Rydberg' atom. Finally typical experimental procedures are described.
Rydberg atoms have highly controllable exotic properties such as strong inter-atomic interaction, high polarizability, and long lifetimes which enabled unprecedented progress in Rydberg atom-based quantum Technologies. We present a brief review of recent progress in the development of quantum technologies using Rydberg atoms. We highlight the recent advances in the various regimes of quantum technologies such as quantum Information processing, quantum sensing, quantum simulation of many-body physics and single-photon sources for quantum communications.
Abstract In this brief review, the opportunities that the alkaline-earth elements offer for studying new aspects of Rydberg physics are discussed. For example, the bosonic alkaline-earth isotopes have zero nuclear spin which eliminates many of the complexities present in alkali Rydberg atoms, permitting simpler and more direct comparison between theory and experiment. The presence of two valence electrons allows the production of singlet and triplet Rydberg states that can exhibit a variety of attractive or repulsive interactions. The availability of weak intercombination lines is advantageous for laser cooling and for applications such as Rydberg dressing. Excitation of one electron to a Rydberg state leaves behind an optically active core ion allowing, for high- L states, the optical imaging of Rydberg atoms and their (spatial) manipulation using light scattering. The second valence electron offers the possibility of engineering long-lived doubly excited states such as planetary atoms. Recent advances in both theory and experiment are highlighted together with a number of possible directions for the future.
Scattering of K(np) Rydberg atoms by electron-attaching molecules can result in the formation of positive-negative ion pairs through electron transfer reactions. These reactions can involve the dissociation of a transient intermediate negative ion into a smaller negative ion and a neutral fragment, or they can result in the parent molecule forming a metastable negative ion, with the excess energy being distributed among its internal modes. For Rydberg atoms of intermediate n, it is possible for these ion pairs to orbit each other at large separation, weakly bound by their mutual electrostatic attraction, forming what are known as heavy-Rydberg states. Measurements of the binding energy and velocity distributions of the ion pairs are used to probe the dynamics of electron transfer reactions. The data are analyzed using a semiclassical Monte Carlo collision code to explore the lifetime of the intermediate, the nature of its dissociation, the distribution of the excess energy of reaction, and the branching ratio of the various reaction channels. Results obtained using a variety of attaching targets including CF3I, CCl4, SF6, CH2Br2, 1,1,1-C2Cl3F3, CCl3Br, Fe(CO)5, and CH3NO2 have demonstrated both the wide variety of different behaviors that can accompany electron capture as well as the different behaviors of the product ion-pair states themselves. Remarkably, despite previous work showing that it was possible for CH3NO2 to form long-lived valence-bound negative ions through Rydberg electron transfer, the present work showed that such collisions do not result in the formation of long-lived bound ion-pair states. Rather, the data show that collisions lead to very strong Rydberg atom scattering through formation of transient ion-pair states. These results are consistent with theoretical work that predicts significant collisional quenching of Rydberg atoms by highly polar molecules and highlight a new mechanism for Rydberg atom scattering.