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International Kharkiv Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves

Laser-microwave spectrometer for investigation of AI and AU atoms in rydberg states

Stanislav F. Dyubko, V. A. Efremov, V. G. Gerasimov, M. N. Efimenko, Keith B. MacAdam

Published Nov 8, 2004• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In order to investigate an interaction of an electromagnetic field with Rydberg atoms it is necessary to transfer atoms from ground state to Rydberg state with specified values of quantum numbers. The point is that for each chemical element the way of producing Rydberg atom atoms is strictly individual. In this paper Al atoms are transferred to Rydberg states by nF scheme using a system of lasers and frequency converters on nonlinear crystals. The Au atoms are brought to Rydberg state by three stages of laser excitation.

DOI
10.1109/msmw.2004.1345806

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In order to investigate an interaction of an electromagnetic field with Rydberg atoms it is necessary to transfer atoms from ground state to Rydberg state with specified values of quantum numbers. The point is that for each chemical element the way of producing Rydberg atom atoms is strictly individual. In this paper Al atoms are transferred to Rydberg states by nF scheme using a system of lasers and frequency converters on nonlinear crystals. The Au atoms are brought to Rydberg state by three stages of laser excitation.
A modification of the laser - microwave spectrometer for studying mercury atoms in Rydberg np and nf states is presented. To test the operability of the performed modification of the laser pump system, the optical excitation spectrum of Rydberg states of mercury atoms was recorded. From the ground 61S0 state to Rydberg np and nf states mercury atoms were excited according to a two-stage scheme: to the intermediate 61D2 with two-photon absorption of the second harmonic radiation from the Rhodamine 560 dye laser, and from the intermediate state to np and nf states by the radiation of a LDS-751 dye laser, which may be tuned in the wavelength range from 751 nm to 790 nm. The performed tests show the operability of the selected scheme for pumping mercury atoms into Rydberg states.
Since the discovery of the Rydberg atom in 1885, research on the Rydberg atom has presented numerous discoveries about the Rydberg atom. As the atoms has valence electron in a high principal quantum number state, Rydberg atoms can interact with each other in a unique way, such as dipole-dipole interactions, Rydberg blockade and anti-blockade. To reach the Rydberg state, it is usually necessary to use a laser to excite the atoms from their ground state. Due to the special characteristics about Rydberg atoms as well as their interactions, it has demonstrated promising of application in different fields, for example, quantum computing and quantum information, as well as nonlinear optics and photonics. However, due to the technical limitations, the demand of deterministic atoms sources and the effect of blackbody radiation are still hindering the research relative to Rydberg atoms. For future study relative to Rydberg atoms, the additions with laser-trapping could be beneficial for fields like quantum electro dynamics and localized electromagnetic field probing.
A beam of gold atoms was produced by heating the gold containing material by electrothermal method. Two UV laser beams then orthogonally irradiated the atomic beam, exciting the Au atoms to very high Rydberg states from their ground states (6S1/2). A high voltage pulsed electric field was applied to the interaction region approximately 200 ns after the laser pulse, it ionized the Au atoms into Rydberg states. By scanning the wavelength of laser in a certain range, the positions of 38 energy levels of Au atoms in n2D3/2 (n = 18-38) and n2S1/2 (n = 21-34; 36-38) series have been determined. the ionization limits of the n2D3/2 and n2S1/2 series were found to be ED = 74409.8 (3)cm-1 and Es = 74410.0(2) cm-1, respectively, by parametric fitting. The quantum defects of all these levels were also calculated.
A beam of gold atoms was produced by heating the gold-containing material by an electro-thermal method. Two UV laser beams then irradiated the atomic beam perpendicularly, which excited the Au atoms to very high Rydberg states from their ground states (6S1/2). A high voltage pulsed electric field was then applied to the interaction region approximately 200 ns after the laser pulse, ionising the Au atoms in Rydberg states. By scanning the wavelength of the laser over a certain range, the positions of 38 energy levels of Au atoms in the n 2D3/2 (n=18-38) and n 2S1/2 (n=21-34, 36-38) series have been measured. The ionisation limits of the n 2D3/2 and n 2S1/2 series were determined by parametric fitting to be Ed=74 409.8 (3) cm-1 and Es=74 410.0 (2) cm-1, respectively. The quantum defects of all these levels were also calculated. This measurement is the first for Au in the energy range and channels mentioned above.
Applicability of Rydberg atoms to quantum computers is examined from experimental point of view. In many theoretical proposals appeared recently, excitation of atoms into highly excited Rydberg states was considered as a way to achieve quantum entanglement in cold atomic ensembles via dipole-dipole interaction that could be strong for Rydberg atoms. Appropriate conditions to realize a conditional quantum phase gate have been analyzed. We also present the results of modeling experiments on microwave spectroscopy of single- and multi-atom excitations at the one-photon 37S-37P and two-photon 37S-38S transitions in an ensemble of a few sodium Rydberg atoms. The microwave spectra were investigated for various final states of the ensemble initially prepared in its ground state. The quantum NOT operation with single atoms was found to be affected by the Doppler effect and fluctuations of the microwave field. The spectrum of full excitation of several Rydberg atoms was much narrower than that of a single atom. This effect might be useful for the high-resolution spectroscopy. The results may be also applied to the studies on collective laser excitation of ground-state atoms aiming to realize quantum gates.
Applicability of Rydberg atoms to quantum computers is examined from experimental point of view. In many theoretical proposals appeared recently, excitation of atoms into highly excited Rydberg states was considered as a way to achieve quantum entanglement in cold atomic ensembles via dipole-dipole interaction that could be strong for Rydberg atoms. Appropriate conditions to realize a conditional quantum phase have been analyzed. We also present the results of modeling experiments on microwave spectroscopy of single- and multi-atom excitations at the one-photon 37S-37P and two-photon 37S-38S transitions in an ensemble of a few sodium Rydberg atoms. The microwave spectra were investigated for various final states of the ensemble initially prepared in its ground state. The quantum NOT operation with single atoms was found to be affected by the Doppler effect and fluctuations of the microwave field. The spectrum of full excitation of several Rydberg atoms was found to be much narrower than that of a single atom. This effect might be useful for the high-resolution spectroscopy. The results may be also applied to the studies on collective laser excitation of ground-state atoms aiming to realize quantum gates.