Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE Communications Letters

On the minimum pseudo-codewords of LDPC codes

Shu-Tao Xia, Fang‐Wei Fu

Published May 1, 2006• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this letter, we study the minimum pseudo-codewords of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes under linear programming (LP) decoding. We show that a lower bound of Chaichanavong and Siegel on the pseudo-weight of a pseudo-codeword is tight if and only if this pseudo-codeword is a real multiple of a codeword. Using this result we further show that for some LDPC codes, e.g., Euclidean plane and projective plane LDPC codes, there are no other minimum pseudo-codewords except the real multiples of minimum codewords.

DOI
10.1109/lcomm.2006.1633324

Related papers

Minimum Pseudo-Codewords of LDPC Codes

Shu‐Tao Xia, Fang‐Wei Fu

In this paper, we study the minimum pseudo-weight and minimum pseudo-codewords of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes under linear programming (LP) decoding. First, we show that the lower bound of Kelly, Sridhara, Xu and Rosenthal on the pseudo-weight of a pseudo-codeword of an LDPC code with girth greater than 4 is tight if and only if this pseudo-codeword is a real multiple of a codeword. Then, we show that the lower bound of Kashyap and Vardy on the stopping distance of an LDPC code is also a lower bound on the pseudo-weight of a pseudo-codeword of this LDPC code with girth 4, and this lower bound is tight if and only if this pseudo-codeword is a real multiple of a codeword. Using these results we further show that for some LDPC codes, there are no other minimum pseudo-codewords except the real multiples of minimum codewords. This means that LP decoding for these LDPC codes is asymptotically optimal in the sense that the ratio of the probabilities of decoding errors of LP decoding and maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding approaches to 1 as the signal-to-noise ratio leads to infinity. Finally, some LDPC codes are listed to illustrate these results

IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW)•Oct 1, 2006•7 citations

Minimum Pseudoweight and Minimum Pseudocodewords of LDPC Codes

Shu‐Tao Xia, Fang‐Wei Fu

In this correspondence, we study the minimum pseudoweight and minimum pseudocodewords of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes under linear programming (LP) decoding. First, we show that the lower bound of Kelley, Sridhara, Xu, and Rosenthal on the pseudoweight of a nonzero pseudocodeword of an LDPC code whose Tanner graph has girth greater than is tight if and only if this pseudocodeword is a real multiple of a codeword. Then, the lower bound of Kashyap and Vardy on the stopping distance of an LDPC code is proved to be also a lower bound on the pseudoweight of a nonzero pseudocodeword of an LDPC code whose Tanner graph has girth , and this lower bound is tight if and only if this pseudocodeword is a real multiple of a codeword. Using these results we further obtain that for some LDPC codes, there are no other minimum pseudocodewords except the real multiples of minimum weight codewords. This means that the LP decoding for these LDPC codes is asymptotically optimal in the sense that the ratio of the probabilities of decoding errors of LP decoding and maximum-likelihood decoding approaches as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) tends to infinity. Finally, some LDPC codes are listed to illustrate these results.

arXiv:cs/0606051•IEEE Transactions on Information Theory•Jan 1, 2008•25 citations

Bounds on the Pseudo-Weight of Minimal Pseudo-Codewords of Projective Geometry Codes

Roxana Smarandache, Marcel Wauer

In this paper we focus our attention on a family of finite geometry codes, called type-I projective geometry low-density parity-check (PG-LDPC) codes, that are constructed based on the projective planes PG{2,q). In particular, we study their minimal codewords and pseudo-codewords, as it is known that these vectors characterize completely the code performance under maximum-likelihood decoding and linear programming decoding, respectively. The main results of this paper consist of upper and lower bounds on the pseudo-weight of the minimal pseudo-codewords of type-I PG-LDPC codes.

arXiv:cs/0510049•Oct 17, 2005•0 citations

On the minimal pseudo-codewords of codes from finite geometries

Pascal O. Vontobel, Roxana Smarandache, Negar Kiyavash +2 more

In order to understand the performance of a code under maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding, it is crucial to know the minimal codewords. In the context of linear programming (LP) decoding, it turns out to be necessary to know the minimal pseudo-codewords. This paper studies the minimal codewords and minimal pseudo-codewords of some families of codes derived from projective and Euclidean planes. Although our numerical results are only for codes of very modest length, they suggest that these code families exhibit an interesting property. Namely, all minimal pseudo-codewords that are not multiples of a minimal codeword have an AWGNC pseudo-weight that is strictly larger than the minimum Hamming weight of the code. This observation has positive consequences not only for LP decoding but also for iterative decoding

arXiv:cs/0508019•IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)•Jan 1, 2005•17 citations

Pseudo-Codeword Analysis of Tanner Graphs From Projective and Euclidean Planes

Roxana Smarandache, Pascal O. Vontobel

We consider coded data transmission over a binary-input output-symmetric memoryless channel using a binary linear code. In order to understand the performance of maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding, one studies the codewords, in particular the minimal codewords, and their Hamming weights. In the context of linear programming (LP) decoding, one's attention needs to be shifted to the pseudo-codewords, in particular, to the minimal pseudo-codewords and their pseudo-weights. In this paper, we investigate some families of codes that have good properties under LP decoding, namely certain families of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes that are derived from projective and Euclidean planes: we study the structure of their minimal pseudo-codewords and give lower bounds on their pseudo-weight. Besides this main focus, we also present some results that hold for pseudo-codewords and minimal pseudo-codewords of any Tanner graph, and we highlight how the importance of minimal pseudo-codewords under LP decoding varies depending on which binary-input output-symmetric memoryless channel is used.

arXiv:cs/0602089•IEEE Transactions on Information Theory•Jun 28, 2007•50 citations

Tight Lower and Upper Bounds on the Minimum Distance of LDPC Codes

Yoones Hashemi, Amir H. Banihashemi

In this letter, we obtain lower and upper bounds on the minimum distance dminof low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The bounds are derived by categorizing the non-zero code words of an LDPC code into two categories of elementary and non-elementary. The first category contains code words whose induced subgraph has only degree-2 check nodes. We propose an efficient search algorithm that can find the elementary code words of an LDPC code with weight less than a certain value amax, exhaustively. We also derive a lower bound Lneon the weight of non-elementary code words. By performing the search with amax= Lne, we either obtain an elementary code word with the smallest weight dmin, or establish the lower bound of Lneon dmin. For the upper bound, we modify our search algorithm to reach elementary codewords of larger weights at the cost of being non-exhaustive. Once such a codeword is found, its weight acts as an upper bound on dmin. We examine a large number of regular and irregular LDPC codes, and demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of our technique in finding lower and upper bounds on, and in many cases the exact value of, dmin. Finding dmin, or establishing search-based lower or upper bounds, for many of the examined codes are out of the reach of any existing algorithm.

IEEE Communications Letters•Nov 1, 2017•11 citations
In this letter, we study the minimum pseudo-codewords of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes under linear programming (LP) decoding. We show that a lower bound of Chaichanavong and Siegel on the pseudo-weight of a pseudo-codeword is tight if and only if this pseudo-codeword is a real multiple of a codeword. Using this result we further show that for some LDPC codes, e.g., Euclidean plane and projective plane LDPC codes, there are no other minimum pseudo-codewords except the real multiples of minimum codewords.
In this paper, we study the minimum pseudo-weight and minimum pseudo-codewords of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes under linear programming (LP) decoding. First, we show that the lower bound of Kelly, Sridhara, Xu and Rosenthal on the pseudo-weight of a pseudo-codeword of an LDPC code with girth greater than 4 is tight if and only if this pseudo-codeword is a real multiple of a codeword. Then, we show that the lower bound of Kashyap and Vardy on the stopping distance of an LDPC code is also a lower bound on the pseudo-weight of a pseudo-codeword of this LDPC code with girth 4, and this lower bound is tight if and only if this pseudo-codeword is a real multiple of a codeword. Using these results we further show that for some LDPC codes, there are no other minimum pseudo-codewords except the real multiples of minimum codewords. This means that LP decoding for these LDPC codes is asymptotically optimal in the sense that the ratio of the probabilities of decoding errors of LP decoding and maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding approaches to 1 as the signal-to-noise ratio leads to infinity. Finally, some LDPC codes are listed to illustrate these results
In this correspondence, we study the minimum pseudoweight and minimum pseudocodewords of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes under linear programming (LP) decoding. First, we show that the lower bound of Kelley, Sridhara, Xu, and Rosenthal on the pseudoweight of a nonzero pseudocodeword of an LDPC code whose Tanner graph has girth greater than is tight if and only if this pseudocodeword is a real multiple of a codeword. Then, the lower bound of Kashyap and Vardy on the stopping distance of an LDPC code is proved to be also a lower bound on the pseudoweight of a nonzero pseudocodeword of an LDPC code whose Tanner graph has girth , and this lower bound is tight if and only if this pseudocodeword is a real multiple of a codeword. Using these results we further obtain that for some LDPC codes, there are no other minimum pseudocodewords except the real multiples of minimum weight codewords. This means that the LP decoding for these LDPC codes is asymptotically optimal in the sense that the ratio of the probabilities of decoding errors of LP decoding and maximum-likelihood decoding approaches as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) tends to infinity. Finally, some LDPC codes are listed to illustrate these results.
In this paper we focus our attention on a family of finite geometry codes, called type-I projective geometry low-density parity-check (PG-LDPC) codes, that are constructed based on the projective planes PG{2,q). In particular, we study their minimal codewords and pseudo-codewords, as it is known that these vectors characterize completely the code performance under maximum-likelihood decoding and linear programming decoding, respectively. The main results of this paper consist of upper and lower bounds on the pseudo-weight of the minimal pseudo-codewords of type-I PG-LDPC codes.
In order to understand the performance of a code under maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding, it is crucial to know the minimal codewords. In the context of linear programming (LP) decoding, it turns out to be necessary to know the minimal pseudo-codewords. This paper studies the minimal codewords and minimal pseudo-codewords of some families of codes derived from projective and Euclidean planes. Although our numerical results are only for codes of very modest length, they suggest that these code families exhibit an interesting property. Namely, all minimal pseudo-codewords that are not multiples of a minimal codeword have an AWGNC pseudo-weight that is strictly larger than the minimum Hamming weight of the code. This observation has positive consequences not only for LP decoding but also for iterative decoding
We consider coded data transmission over a binary-input output-symmetric memoryless channel using a binary linear code. In order to understand the performance of maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding, one studies the codewords, in particular the minimal codewords, and their Hamming weights. In the context of linear programming (LP) decoding, one's attention needs to be shifted to the pseudo-codewords, in particular, to the minimal pseudo-codewords and their pseudo-weights. In this paper, we investigate some families of codes that have good properties under LP decoding, namely certain families of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes that are derived from projective and Euclidean planes: we study the structure of their minimal pseudo-codewords and give lower bounds on their pseudo-weight. Besides this main focus, we also present some results that hold for pseudo-codewords and minimal pseudo-codewords of any Tanner graph, and we highlight how the importance of minimal pseudo-codewords under LP decoding varies depending on which binary-input output-symmetric memoryless channel is used.
In this letter, we obtain lower and upper bounds on the minimum distance dminof low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The bounds are derived by categorizing the non-zero code words of an LDPC code into two categories of elementary and non-elementary. The first category contains code words whose induced subgraph has only degree-2 check nodes. We propose an efficient search algorithm that can find the elementary code words of an LDPC code with weight less than a certain value amax, exhaustively. We also derive a lower bound Lneon the weight of non-elementary code words. By performing the search with amax= Lne, we either obtain an elementary code word with the smallest weight dmin, or establish the lower bound of Lneon dmin. For the upper bound, we modify our search algorithm to reach elementary codewords of larger weights at the cost of being non-exhaustive. Once such a codeword is found, its weight acts as an upper bound on dmin. We examine a large number of regular and irregular LDPC codes, and demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of our technique in finding lower and upper bounds on, and in many cases the exact value of, dmin. Finding dmin, or establishing search-based lower or upper bounds, for many of the examined codes are out of the reach of any existing algorithm.