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Applied Optics

The Spectra of the Doubly and Triply Ionized Rare Earths

G. H. Dieke, H. M. Crosswhite

Published Jul 1, 1963• 1,115 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The present status of our knowledge of the structure of the spectra of the doubly and triply ionized spectra of the rare earths is derived partly from experimental data of the emission spectra of the free ions which provide the energy level scheme in great detail but are difficult and laborious to analyze. For the lower levels knowledge of the structure comes from the crystal absorption and fluoresence spectra. In all cases approximate theoretical calculations of the energies are essential.

DOI
10.1364/ao.2.000675

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physica status solidi (b)•Aug 1, 1973•41 citations
The present status of our knowledge of the structure of the spectra of the doubly and triply ionized spectra of the rare earths is derived partly from experimental data of the emission spectra of the free ions which provide the energy level scheme in great detail but are difficult and laborious to analyze. For the lower levels knowledge of the structure comes from the crystal absorption and fluoresence spectra. In all cases approximate theoretical calculations of the energies are essential.
The efficiency of laser cooling relies on the existence of an almost closed optical-transition cycle in the energy spectrum of the considered species. In this respect, rare-earth elements exhibit many transitions which are likely to induce noticeable leaks from the cooling cycle. In this work, to determine whether laser cooling of singly ionized erbium Er+{\mathrm{Er}}^{+}Er+ is feasible, we have performed accurate electronic-structure calculations of energies and spontaneous-emission Einstein coefficients of Er+{\mathrm{Er}}^{+}Er+, using a combination of ab initio and least-squares-fitting techniques. We identify five weak closed transitions suitable for laser cooling, the broadest of which is in the kilohertz range. For the strongest transitions, by simulating the cascade dynamics of spontaneous emission, we show that repumping is necessary, and we discuss possible repumping schemes. We expect our detailed study on Er+{\mathrm{Er}}^{+}Er+ to give good insight into the laser cooling of neighboring ions such as Dy+{\mathrm{Dy}}^{+}Dy+.
Abstract Theoretical and experimental investigations are made of two‐photon absorption spectra of trivalent rare‐earth ions in crystals. Effective cross‐sections, selection rules, and relative intensities of the components are found. The most intensive two‐photon transitions are established. Two‐photon excitation spectra of luminescence of Er3+ and Ho3+ ions in CaF2 are obtained and effective excitation cross‐sections are measured using a tunable dye laser (715 to 850 nm). It is shown that the spectra have a peculiar structure which differs considerably from that of the one‐photon absorption spectra. The experimental results agree with theory. It is established that one of the levels in Ho3+ is the level 5G6 rather than 3K7 usually assumed.