We introduce a class of generalized geometric measures of entanglement. For pure quantum states of
N elementary subsystems, they are defined as the distances from the sets of
K-separable states
(K=2,…,N). The entire set of generalized geometric measures provides a quantification and hierarchical ordering of the different bipartite and multipartite components of the global geometric entanglement, and allows discrimination among the different contributions. The extended measures are applied to the study of entanglement in different classes of
N-qubit pure states. These classes include
W and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, and their symmetric superpositions; symmetric multimagnon states; cluster states; and, finally, asymmetric generalized
W-like superposition states. We discuss in detail a general method for the explicit evaluation of the multipartite components of geometric entanglement, and we show that the entire set of geometric measures establishes an ordering among the different types of bipartite and multipartite entanglement. In particular, it determines a consistent hierarchy between GHZ and
W states, clarifying the original result of Wei and Goldbart that
W states possess a larger global entanglement than GHZ states. Furthermore, we show that all multipartite components of geometric entanglement in symmetric states obey a property of self-similarity and scale invariance with the total number of qubits and the number of qubits per party.
We employ a genuine multipartite entanglement measure, the generalized geometric measure, for investigating the quantum phase transition in an infinite quantum spin-1/2 chain with two-spin as well as three-spin interactions. We show that in contrast to bipartite entanglement of the ground state, the genuine multiparty one unerringly indicates the quantum phase transition in the system. The system lends itself to a complementary behavior between bipartite and genuine multipartite entanglements. We also investigate the trend of the multipartite entanglement in finite chains, in which we perform a finite-size scaling to confirm the signature of the quantum phase transition already in finite systems. The finite-size investigation renders the phenomenon to be observable in real systems.
We study multipartite entanglement in a system consisting of indistinguishable fermions. Specifically, we have proposed a geometric entanglement measure for
N spin-
21 fermions distributed over
2L modes (single-particle states). The measure is defined on the
2L qubit space isomorphic to the Fock space for
2L single-particle states. This entanglement measure is defined for a given partition of
2L modes containing $m\ensuremath{\geqslant}2$ subsets. Thus this measure applies to $m\ensuremath{\leqslant}2L$ partite fermionic systems where
L is any finite number, giving the number of sites. The Hilbert spaces associated with these subsets may have different dimensions. Further, we have defined the local quantum operations with respect to a given partition of modes. This definition is generic and unifies different ways of dividing a fermionic system into subsystems. We have shown, using a representative case, that the geometric measure is invariant under local unitary operators corresponding to a given partition. We explicitly demonstrate the use of the measure to calculate multipartite entanglement in some correlated electron systems.
Using the geometric entanglement measure, we study the scaling of multipartite entanglement in several 1D models at criticality, specifically the linear harmonic chain and the XY spin chain encompassing both the Ising and XX critical models. Our results provide convincing evidence that 1D models at criticality exhibit a universal logarithmic scaling behavior ~(c/12)log l in the multipartite entanglement per region for a partition of the system into regions of size l, where c is the central charge of the corresponding universality class in conformal field theory.
Multiparty quantum states are useful for a variety of quantum information and computation protocols. We define a multiparty entanglement measure based on local measurements on a multiparty quantum state and an entanglement measure averaged on the postmeasurement ensemble. Using the generalized geometric measure as the measure of multipartite entanglement for the ensemble, we demonstrate, in the case of several well-known classes of multipartite pure states, that the localized multipartite entanglement can exceed the entanglement present in the original state. We also show that measurement over multiple parties may be beneficial in enhancing localizable multipartite entanglement. We point out that localizable generalized geometric measure faithfully signals quantum critical phenomena in well-known quantum spin models even when considerable finite-size effect is present in the system.