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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

High temperature superconductor transimpedance amplifiers using serially connected bi-crystal junction SQUID arrays

Kin Li, S.P. Hubbell, R. Cantor, Mark Teepe

Published Jun 1, 1999• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This article discusses the design and measurement of high temperature superconductor transimpedance amplifiers using bi-crystal junction SQUID arrays. The peak to peak modulation voltages of the arrays as a function of their SQUID inductance were measured. The measured transresistance, dV/sub o//dI/sub i/, of a 30-element array of 5-pH SQUIDs was 4 V/A. The voltage modulation depth of the 30-element array was 2 mV and the white noise of the array was 1.0 nV/Hz/sup 1/2/ at 100 kHz. The dynamic range of the array was 120 dB in a one hertz bandwidth. This device has the potential to be used as a broadband amplifier for low impedance sources.

DOI
10.1109/77.784005

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This article discusses the design and measurement of high temperature superconductor transimpedance amplifiers using bi-crystal junction SQUID arrays. The peak to peak modulation voltages of the arrays as a function of their SQUID inductance were measured. The measured transresistance, dV/sub o//dI/sub i/, of a 30-element array of 5-pH SQUIDs was 4 V/A. The voltage modulation depth of the 30-element array was 2 mV and the white noise of the array was 1.0 nV/Hz/sup 1/2/ at 100 kHz. The dynamic range of the array was 120 dB in a one hertz bandwidth. This device has the potential to be used as a broadband amplifier for low impedance sources.
The authors evaluated the operation of high-temperature superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-array interface circuits (IFCs) with normal-metal control lines. Transimpedance amplification was obtained at an operating speed of 1 Gb/s using a cryocooler. The effect of the number of SQUIDs connected in series and the number of arrays connected in parallel on the level of output from the SQUID-array IFCs was examined by Josephson circuit simulation, and then the effect of statistical spreads of junction characteristics was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation. It was found that the configuration of two parallel SQUID arrays with 64 SQUIDs gives the highest output when the junction characteristics in the arrays have a certain spread. The authors fabricated the IFCs by using the conventional interface-engineered junction process. The process reproducibility was 100 /spl mu/A /spl plusmn/25% for junction I/sub c/, and 3.02 pH /spl plusmn/5% and 2.57 pH /spl plusmn/17% for the sheet inductance of the upper and lower electrodes, respectively. The transimpedance at low frequencies reached 20 and 4 V/A for input levels of 20 and 100 /spl mu/A, respectively. Output voltages as high as 4.4 mV at 4.2 K and 2.3 mV at 40 K were obtained. Furthermore, an output voltage of 600 /spl mu/V was obtained for a 1-Gb/s 2/sup 15/-1 pseudo-random binary signal input at 40 K.
This is the first Annual Report of an effort to demonstrate a low noise superconducting microwave amplifier. The amplifier is a nearly degenerate, single idler parametric amplifier which uses the nonlinear inductance of a single junction SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). The design frequency is 9 GHz, 10 dB gain, and 16% bandwidth. In order to maximize the saturation power, the device impedance was chosen near 1ohm and a matching network was designed to transform to 50ohm. In later designs, a coherent array of SQUIDs is expected to increase the power and impedance. This report includes the design and test of the 50ohm to 1ohm broadband transformer, design and fabrication of the SQUID amplifier, and both saturation and noise analyses of the single SQUID and SQUID array. The analytical results, reported to the 1982 Applied Superconductivity Conference are: the noise temperature of the single SQUID parametric amplifier is equal to the amplifier termination temperature T(o), the response is linear to several percent of the flux quantum energy in the SQUID: the amplifier will be saturated by broad band noise if the noise source temperature is much greater than 10 To; and the array parametric amplifier has the same noise temperature as the single device indicating an N-fold increase in dynamic range. (Author)
TRW has been developing low noise microwave parametric amplifier with Josephson junction SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices). This report summarizes the second phase of the program which includes measurement of the amplifier performance at X-band, and design and fabrication of a SQUID array amplifier. We have demonstrated gain in excess of 10 dB at 8.4 GHz and a measured noise temperature equal to 6K with an uncertainty of (+15/-7)K. Arrays with both 25 and 50 elements and 50 ohmi impedance have been designed and fabricated. These arrays should increase the dynamic range of the amplifier.
Arrays of dc-superconducting quantum interference devices (dc-SQUIDs) were investigated, in which each dc-SQUID element has a multiturn input coil. The dependence of flux noise on the number of turns of the input coil was studied for current amplifiers. SQUID arrays were fabricated by a Nb/AlO x /Nb Josephson tunnel junction fabrication process. Results show that the flux noise of the SQUID array amplifier does not depend on the turn number of the input coil. A SQUID array amplifier consisting of 128 dc-SQUID elements was fabricated, in which each element had a 7-turn input coil and a mutual inductance between the input coil and the SQUID loop of 460 pH. This amplifier showed an ultrahigh current resolution of 1 pA/Hz0.5 and a maximum input current of 11 µA for signals of 50 kHz, which is sufficient bandwidth for X-ray detection applications. These values correspond to a large dynamic range of 87 dB. The flux-voltage characteristics of this SQUID array, however, showed asymmetric behavior, which originated from electronic resonance in stray capacitance and the mutual inductance between the SQUID loop and the multiturn input coil.
We show that the voltage response of a dc SQUID can be substantially linearized by the introduction of a nonlinear inductance. The inductance tuning allows us to achieve response linearity close to 120 dB. Such a nonlinear inductance can be easily formed using Josephson junction inductance. The additional junction and main inductance form a single-junction SQUID and hence the device can be called a bi-SQUID. To obtain high dynamic range commensurate to the high response linearity, one can use a serial array of nonlinear inductance dc SQUIDs. Experimental studies of a single bi-SQUID and serial arrays of bi-SQUIDs are reported and discussed.