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Optics Letters

Optical gain exceeding 35 dB at 156 μm due to stimulated Raman scattering by molecular D_2 in a solid silica optical fiber

ANDREW R. CHRAPLYVY, J. Stone, CHARLES A. BURRUS

Published Jul 1, 1983• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A stimulated-Raman-gain medium at 1.56-microm wavelength, consisting of molecular deuterium dissolved in low-loss silica optical fiber and pumped by 1.06-microm Nd:YAG laser light, is described. In a 100-m-long fiber with pump power of 130 W, InGaAsP injection-laser probe light at 1.56 microm was amplified by a factor of 4000 to an output power of 150 mW. The measured stimulated-Raman-gain coefficient at 1.56 microm is 7 x 10(-12) cm/W, about equal to the Raman gain of SiO(2) at the same wavelength.

DOI
10.1364/ol.8.000415

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A stimulated-Raman-gain medium at 1.56-microm wavelength, consisting of molecular deuterium dissolved in low-loss silica optical fiber and pumped by 1.06-microm Nd:YAG laser light, is described. In a 100-m-long fiber with pump power of 130 W, InGaAsP injection-laser probe light at 1.56 microm was amplified by a factor of 4000 to an output power of 150 mW. The measured stimulated-Raman-gain coefficient at 1.56 microm is 7 x 10(-12) cm/W, about equal to the Raman gain of SiO(2) at the same wavelength.
A gain coefficient of 3.8 dB/mW was achieved for an erbium-doped fiber amplifier pumped by a 1.48 mu m laser diode. The main reasons for the improvement are high NA (0.23) and low concentration (43 p.p.m.). Pump-to-signal energy conversion efficiency was 18% at 3 dB gain compression. A decrease in saturation power with increasing erbium concentration was also demonstrated. In high-concentration fiber, fluorescence at 0.98 mu m due to cooperative upconversion was detected. These results indicate that several kilometers of distributed fiber amplifier with high gain and high output saturation power could be possible, because the absorption coefficient at 1.48 mu m is still two orders higher than the background loss in the 43 p.p.m. fiber.>
We investigate optical switching based on stimulated Raman scattering. The circuit consists of two fiber stages connected in series through a bandpass filter. When the pump and signal are launched to the input, the pump is saturated because of the signal amplification in the first stage; the amplified signal is rejected by the filter, so that only low-power pump enters the second stage; and no signal pulses appear at the output. The second stage is fed by 1 mW power at signal wavelength. When the pump only enters at the input, it passes through the first stage without saturation, enters the second stage, and amplifies the signal entering this stage; strong signal pulses appear at the output. We use 2-ns pump pulses at 1528 nm and cw signal at 1620 nm. In the first stage, we use both fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion. In fibers with anomalous dispersion, pump saturation is affected by modulation instability. We find that the contrast may be improved using fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion connected in series in the first stage, provided there is appropriate selection of their lengths. The best contrast we achieve is 15 dB at 6 W pump peak power.
We report a steady-state Raman gain measurement of the Q(1)(0) transition (v = 1 ? 0, J = 0 ? 0) in solid parahydrogen. We carry out measurements by pumping with a continuous-wave frequency-doubled YAG laser at 532 nm and observing the direct amplification of a probe-laser beam for the first Stokes transition at 683 nm. A large single-pass amplification coefficient of 2.3 +/- 0.2 is obtained at a pump intensity of 46 kW/cm(2), with an interaction length of 1 cm, giving a steady-state Raman gain coefficient of 18 +/- 3 cm/MW.
The authors have extended the theory of stimulated Raman scattering to include the effects of laser bandwidths, in both the transient and steady-state regimes. The case of two interacting laser beams, a pump laser and a probe (Stokes) laser, is treated. Using the phase-diffusion model for laser bandwidth, the authors demonstrate that in the absence of dispersion, the forward Raman gain is essentially independent of the laser bandwidths in the high-gain limit, while in the low-gain limit the gain coefficient is inversely proportional to the sum of the bandwidths. It is further shown that when the pump-laser bandwidth is much larger than the linewidth of the Raman medium, the stimulated Stokes output assumes the same spectrum as the pump laser in the high-gain limit. A possible interpretation of these results is discussed assuming a "phase-locking" of the Stokes phase to the fluctuations in the pump-laser phase, due to the nonlinear interaction of the two beams through the Raman medium.
Optical amplification in optical fibers by means of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) is studied by classical equations. A balanced interferometer is used to mix and separate the signal and the pump. Exact solutions are obtained even with pump depletion. If the cross-phase modulation is small, the signal power gain varies as the square of the pump self-phase shift. This gain can be sizable for moderate fiber lengths and laser powers, before the onset of stimulated Raman scattering. We have experimentally verified these calculations with a Sagnac interferometer, comprising a 300 m long polarization-preserving fiber, emitting pulses with 100-200 W peak power and 100-200 nsec duration. We have measured a signal power gain of 22 (13.3 dB); this value correlated well with a pump self-phase shift of 3π/2 measured in a separate two-wavelength experiment. This system can be used for squeezing fluctuations of the signal quadrature which is not amplified. We have performed a classical derivation of squeezing, based upon a geometrical study of the transformation of the signal phasor. The results are in agreement with those of more elaborate quantum-mechanical derivations.