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Science

Go Forth and Multiply

Keith R. Burnett

Published Nov 27, 1998• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Bose-Einstein condensation is a phenomenon whereby atoms collectively enter a single macroscopic quantum state. The first such condensate was created in 1995, and since then a large amount of effort has been devoted to studying this unusual state of matter. In his Perspective, Burnett reviews the recent work and discusses results reported in the same issue by page Anderson and Kasevich. The work carried out at Yale University shows that Bose condensates can exhibit behavior similar to that seen in superconductors, known as the Josephson effect.

DOI
10.1126/science.282.5394.1657

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Bose-Einstein condensation is a phenomenon whereby atoms collectively enter a single macroscopic quantum state. The first such condensate was created in 1995, and since then a large amount of effort has been devoted to studying this unusual state of matter. In his Perspective, Burnett reviews the recent work and discusses results reported in the same issue by page
Anderson and Kasevich. The work carried out at Yale University shows that Bose condensates can exhibit behavior similar to that seen in superconductors, known as the Josephson effect.
I present an overview of the physics of the Josephson effect between Bose condensed systems, with emphasis on the recently achieved BEC's in trapped alkali gases. I focus mostly on those physical phenomena that are likely to be observed only (or more easily) in these novel systems. Thus I omit the discussion of problems which may be viewed as straightforward applications of well known Josephson physics. In particular, I review the external and the internal Josephson effects, and discuss how in the latter case it may be possible to explore the crossover between collective Josephson behavior and independent boson Rabi dynamics. I also describe novel macroscopic quantum phenomena such as self-trapping and interference between separate Bose condensates.
This is the first book devoted to Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) as an interdisciplinary subject, covering atomic and molecular physics, laser physics, low temperature physics and astrophysics. It contains 18 authoritative review articles on experimental and theoretical research in BEC and associated phenomena. Bose–Einstein condensation is a phase transition in which a macroscopic number of particles all go into the same quantum state. It has been known for some time that this phenomenon gives rise to superfluidity in liquid helium but recent research has focused on the search for BEC in other condensed matter systems, such as excitons, spin-polarised hydrogen, laser-cooled atoms, high-temperature superconductors and subatomic matter. This unique book gives an in-depth report on progress in this field and suggests promising research topics for the future. It will be of interest to graduate students and research workers in condensed matter, low temperature, atomic and laser physics.
When the atoms in a gas are cooled to extremely low temperatures, their quantum-mechanical nature starts to dominate the properties of the whole gas. Under the appropriate conditions, the atoms will 'condense' into a single quantum state of the system-a phenomenon known as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). The resulting 'condensate' behaves as a single, observable quantum-mechanical object. During the last decade, this new state of matter has displayed many remarkable properties. In this paper, we review some of the most recent experimental developments in the BEC field, highlighting the role of atomic interactions and the high degree of control with which condensates may be manipulated.
The phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), first predicted by Einstein 70 years ago, has finally been observed in the laboratory. In this elusive state of matter the concept of individual particles ceases to have meaning: the atoms condense into the same quantum state and act as a single entity that displays quantum mechanical behaviour on a macroscopic scale. The condensate was observed when Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman and colleagues at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics in Boulder, Colorado, cooled a dilute gas of rubidium atoms, confined in a magnetic trap, to a temperature of just a few nanoKelvin (M H Anderson et al. 1995 Science 269 198).
Bose-Einstein condensation is a macroscopic quantum phenomenon that was first predicted by Albert Einstein in the 1920s, at a time when quantum theory was still developing and was being applied to microscopic systems, such as individual particles and atoms. Einstein applied the new concept of Bose statistics to an ideal gas of identical atoms that were at thermal equilibrium and trapped in a box. He predicted that at sufficiently low temperatures the particles would accumulate in the lowest quantum state in the box, giving rise to a new state of matter with many unusual properties.