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Physical Review A

Nanoscale resolution fluorescence microscopy using electromagnetically induced transparency

Deniz D. Yavuz, Nicholas Proite

Published Oct 18, 2007• 74 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We suggest a type of scanning fluorescence microscope that is capable of resolving nanometer-size objects in the far field. The key idea is to use the spatial sensitivity of the dark state of electromagnetically induced transparency and localize an atomic excitation to a spot much smaller than the wavelength of light.
DOI
10.1103/physreva.76.041802

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A scanning optical microscope whose active element (the tip) consists of a crystal containing impurity ions or color centers, which are excited by laser radiation, is proposed. The excitation energy from a single impurity center located at the point of the tip is transferred to the fluorescence centers of the experimental sample by the mechanism of resonant dipole-dipole exchange. It is shown that this approach can give nanometer spatial resolution with high sensitivity, which in many cases is much higher than the sensitivity of the “standard” near-field fluorescence microscopy.
We propose the use of the subwavelength localization via adiabatic passage technique for fluorescence microscopy with nanoscale resolution in the far field. This technique uses a Λ-type medium coherently coupled to two laser pulses: the pump, with a node in its spatial profile, and the Stokes. The population of the Λ system is adiabatically transferred from one ground state to the other except at the node position, yielding a narrow population peak. This coherent localization allows fluorescence imaging with nanometer lateral resolution. We derive an analytical expression to asses the resolution and perform a comparison with the coherent population trapping and the stimulated-emission-depletion techniques.
We report an experiment in which an atomic excitation is localized to a spatial width that is a factor of 8 smaller than the wavelength of the incident light.The experiment utilizes the sensitivity of the dark state of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to the intensity of the coupling laser beam.A standing-wave coupling laser with a sinusoidally varying intensity yields tightly confined Raman excitations during the EIT process.The excitations, located near the nodes of the intensity profile, have a width of 100 nm.The experiment is performed using ultracold 87 Rb atoms trapped in an optical dipole trap, and atomic localization is achieved with EIT pulses that are approximately 100 ns long.To probe subwavelength atom localization, we have developed a technique that can measure the width of the atomic excitations with nanometer spatial resolution.
We suggest a new method for quantum optical control with nanoscale resolution. Our method allows for coherent far-field manipulation of individual quantum systems with spatial selectivity that is not limited by the wavelength of radiation and can, in principle, approach a few nanometers. The selectivity is enabled by the nonlinear atomic response, under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency, to a control beam with intensity vanishing at a certain location. Practical performance of this technique and its potential applications to quantum information science with cold atoms, ions, and solid-state qubits are discussed.
We report an experiment in which an atomic excitation is localized to a spatial width that is a factor of 8 smaller than the wavelength of the incident light. The experiment utilizes the sensitivity of the dark state of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to the intensity of the coupling laser beam. A standing-wave coupling laser with a sinusoidally varying intensity yields tightly confined Raman excitations during the EIT process. The excitations, located near the nodes of the intensity profile, have a width of 100 nm. The experiment is performed using ultracold Rb atoms trapped in an optical dipole trap, and atomic localization is achieved with EIT pulses that are approximately 100 ns long. To probe subwavelength atom localization, we have developed a technique that can measure the width of the atomic excitations with nanometer spatial resolution.