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Physical Review E

Anomalous continuous-time random-walk spectral diffusion in coherent third-order optical response

František Šanda, Shaul Mukamel

Published Jan 17, 2006• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recursive relations are derived for nonlinear optical response functions of a two-level chromophore with stochastic frequency fluctuations described by a continuous-time random walk. Stationary ensembles are constructed and signatures of anomalous relaxation in the photon echo signal are discussed for a two state jump modulation with a power law waiting time density function psi(t) approximately t(-alpha-1). Stretched exponential decay of the photon echo signal is predicted for 0<alpha<1 and power law asymptotics for 1<alpha<2.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.73.011103

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Recursive relations are derived for nonlinear optical response functions of a two-level chromophore with stochastic frequency fluctuations described by a continuous-time random walk. Stationary ensembles are constructed and signatures of anomalous relaxation in the photon echo signal are discussed for a two state jump modulation with a power law waiting time density function psi(t) approximately t(-alpha-1). Stretched exponential decay of the photon echo signal is predicted for 0<alpha<1 and power law asymptotics for 1<alpha<2.
Multitime correlation functions provide useful probes for the ensembles of trajectories underlying the stochastic dynamics of complex systems. These can be obtained by measuring their optical response to sequences of ultrashort optical pulse. Using the continuous time random walk model for spectral diffusion, we analyze the signatures of anomalous relaxation in two-dimensional four wave mixing signals. Different models which share the same two point joint probability distribution show markedly different lineshapes and may be distinguished. Aging random walks corresponding to waiting time distributions with diverging first moment show dependence of 2D lineshapes on initial observation time, which persist for long times.
We revisit the line-shape theory of a single molecule with anomalous stochastic spectral diffusion. Waiting time profiles for bath induced spectral jumps in the ground and excited states become different when a molecule, probed by continuous-wave laser field, reaches the steady state. This effect is studied for the stationary dichotomic continuous-time-random-walk spectral diffusion of a single two-level chromophore with power-law distributions of waiting times. Correlated waiting time distributions, line shapes, two-point fluorescence correlation function, and Mandel Q parameter are calculated for arbitrary magnitude of laser field. We extended previous weak field results and examined the breakdown of the central limit theorem in photon statistics, indicated by asymptotic power-law growth of Mandel Q parameter. Frequency profile of the Mandel Q parameter identifies the peaks of spectrum, which are related to anomalous spectral diffusion dynamics.
A theory is formulated for time dependent fluctuations of the spectrum of a single molecule in a dynamic environment. In particular, we investigate the photon counting statistics of a single molecule undergoing a spectral diffusion process. Based on the stochastic optical Bloch equation, fluctuations are characterized by Mandel's QQQ parameter yielding the variance of number of emitted photons and the second order intensity correlation function, g(2)(t)g^{(2)}(t)g(2)(t). Using a semi-classical approach and linear response theory, we show that the QQQ parameter can be described by a three-time dipole correlation function. This approach gene ralizes the Wiener-Khintchine formula that gives the average number of fluorescent photons in terms of a one-time dipole correlation function. We classify the time ordering properties of the three-time dipole correlation function, and show that it can be represented by three different pulse shape functions similar to those used in the context of nonlinear spectroscopy. An exact solution is found for a single molecule whose absorption frequency undergoes a two state random telegraph process (i.e., the Kubo-Anderson sudden jump process.) Simple expressions are obtained from the exact solution in the slow and fast modulation regimes based on appropriate approximations for each case. In the slow modulation regime QQQ can be large even in the long time limit, while in the fast modulation regime it becomes small.
We analyze within the continuous-time random walk approach, the kinetics of phase and population relaxation in quantum systems induced by noise with the anomalously slowly decaying correlation function P ( t ) ∝ ( wt ) -α , where 0 < α < 1. The relaxation kinetics is shown to be anomalously slow. Moreover, for α < 1, in the limit of a short characteristic time of fluctuations w -1 , the kinetics is independent of w . As α → 1, the relaxation regime changes from the static limit to narrowing of fluctuation. Simple analytical expressions are obtained that describe the specific features of the kinetics.
The third-order nonlinear optical response of energy transfer systems is theoretically investigated. A system composed of two chromophores having the same electronic transition energies is considered. The dynamics of energy transfer between the two chromophores is assumed to occur via a hopping (incoherent) mechanism. We introduce new types of pathways incorporating the hopping processes occurring while the system is in population states and reconstruct a third-order response function which is computationally viable. The nuclear propagators in the electronic population states are written as convolution integrals between those of the nonreactive two-state system weighted by some factors for the energy transfer. The response function is given by multitime correlation functions and these are analyzed by the cumulant expansion method. Based on this approach, the three-pulse photon echo peak shift for several models of energy transfer systems is discussed. It is shown that the rephasing capability of the induced signal is reduced by the memory loss due to resonant energy transfer. A previous model which incorporates resonant energy transfers in an intuitive way is reviewed and modified to supplement the loss of dynamic correlation of nuclear motion within the framework of the theory. The response function obtained by our new approach gives a more accurate description than the existing theory and a comparative discussion is given. The effect of inhomogeneity in rate constants on the third-order signal is discussed and the temperature dependence of the echo signal is examined.
A rigorous theoretical connection between the polarizability spectral density obtained from optical Kerr effect (OKE) measurement with the correlation function describing solvent-induced optical dephasing detected in photon echo measurements is given. The experimentally obtained spectral density has a more reasonable physical basis than model correlation function descriptions of solvent fluctuations. The experimental OKE spectrum is demonstrated to provide a natural description of solvent motions that modulate the chromophore electronic states in the case of weak induced-dipolar interactions. The chromophore optically active vibrational modes are obtained from pump-probe spectra and are employed in the calculation of echo signals. It is found that the fast decays of the two-pulse echo signals result from both solvent and solute intramolecular motions while the echo peak shifts are dominated by the solvent intermolecular modes.