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Springer eBooks

Observation of A Nonclassical Berry’S Phase in Quantum Optics

R. Y. Chiao, Paul G. Kwiat, Ivan Deutsch, Aephraim M. Steinberg

Published Jan 1, 1993• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4615-2936-1_18

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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America•Jan 1, 1990•0 citations
Coincidence detection of photon pairs produced in parametric fluorescence, in conjunction with a Michelson interferometer in which one member of each pair acquired a geometrical phase due to a cycle in polarization states, has allowed the first observation of Berry's phase at the single-photon level. We have verified that each interfering photon was essentially in an n=1 Fock state, by means of a beam splitter following the interferometer combined with a triple-coincidence technique. The results can be interpreted in terms of a nonlocal collapse of the wave function.
The adiabatic variation of a Hamiltonian can cause the wavefunction, governed by the Hamiltonian, to acquire an unexpected phase. The existence of this phase (Berry's phase) is an additional element in the well-known quantum adiabatic theorem. Berry's phase is observable in the interference between two identically prepared systems only one of which is adiabatically varied. We show that a single quantum system prepared in a superposition of the eigenstates of its Hamiltonian leads to observable Berry phase effects at all times. We examine this principle within the context of two-level optical resonance.
Berry's phases in optics have been studied extensively, and examples are typically discussed in quantum-mechanical terms. To our knowledge, however, experimental demonstrations have been performed only at the classical level. We report the first observation of a Berry's phase at the single-photon level. In particular, we investigated Pan-charatnam's phase,1 which is acquired whenever light is taken through a closed cycle of polarization states, e.g., with various retardation plates. Correlated pairs of linearly-polarized photons were produced by parametric fluorescence in a UV-pumped KDP crystal. One of each pair was directed into a photomultiplier tube (PMT1). The other was directed into a Michelson interferometer, one arm of which contained two quarter-wave plates, that was used to generate a Berry's phase.