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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Mechanism of high-density power-gated hole burning in Eu^2+-doped sulfides

Zameer U. Hasan, Levent Biyikli

Published Feb 1, 2001• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The mechanism for highly efficient photoionization spectral hole burning in the 4f7–4f65d1 transition of Eu2+ in MgS host is investigated in detail. The time and power dependencies of the hole depth and its photoerasure are analyzed assuming that a resonant two-photon ionization process initiates the hole burning. The near-room-temperature cycling shifts the hole to low energies, demonstrating the relaxation of an unstable lattice resulting from the hole burning. The characteristics of hole burning change significantly in samples codoped with Ce and Eu. All of these studies support that the mechanism of hole burning is the electron transfer from the Eu2+ ion to the Eu3+ deep trap, both of which are located at the substitutional octahedral sites.

DOI
10.1364/josab.18.000232

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High-density photon-gated hole burning in sulfides

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We present the case of photoionization-induced persistent spectral holeburning in rare earth doped II-VI compounds for high density memory storage. Experimental data on photon-gated holeburning has been presented for different sulfide hosts (MgS, CaS: RE2+ and RE3+). With the proper choice of the host electronic band structure, the optically active rare earth ion and its electronic transitions involved in the holeburning process, we have observed the highest number of persistent holes ever burned in a single electronic transition. Efficient photon-gated holeburning in the 4f7 (8S7/2) - 4f65d1 transition of Eu2+ is a result of photoionization of Eu2+ to Eu3+. These holes have a width of less than 5 GHz, have no detectable erasing effects after thousands of reading cycles, survive thermal cycling up to the room temperature and have infinite lifetime at low temperature (2 K). Although self- gated holeburning is observed with reading laser at higher powers, the photon budget for reading these holes is so small that thousands of reading cycles can be performed without significantly affecting the optical signal. We discuss the unique features of these systems that make them the most promising candidates to date for the holeburning based optical memories.

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Previously we have reported the largest number of photon- gated spectral holes ever burned in a solid. This has interest in their applications in optical storage. However, multiple holeburning in MgS:Eu resulted in noticeable erasure of the previously burned holes. This was attributed to the mechanism of holeburning in this material where both Eu2+ and Eu3+ are stable ions. In gated holeburning, Eu2+ ions are ionized. Eu3+ that form deep traps, capture the electrons generated during the holeburning and are converted to Eu2+. The Zero Phonon Line (ZPL) of these newly formed Eu2+ ions are randomly distributed across the inhomogeneous line causing a partial erasure of the holes burned earlier. This reduces the efficiency of holeburning. Co-doping of MgS:Eu and CaS:Eu with different rare earth (RE) ions has been investigated to provide deep electron traps other than Eu3+. Furthermore, co-doping provides the opportunity to burn holes in multiple ZPLs belonging to different REs, thus increasing the storage density many folds.

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Spectral Hole Burning of Eu2+ in Selectively Doped CaF2:Eu/CdF2 Superlattices

Gastev, S. V., A.Yu. Khilko, Nikolai S. Sokolov +2 more

It is demonstrated that persistent hole burning in the zero-phonon line of Eu2+ in SLs of CaF2:Eu/CdF2 with uniformly doped CaF2 layers is mainly due to tunneling of electrons from the 4f65d excited state of Eu2 to the conduction band of adjacent CdF2 layer. However in selectively doped suoerlattices (SLs), the two-step photoionization process dominates in the formation of spectral holes. Two mechanisms of spectral hole broadening were discussed. These are the Stark-shifting of the Eu2 f-d transition energy induced by internal electric field and phonon assisted transitions.

•Jun 1, 1998•0 citations
The mechanism for highly efficient photoionization spectral hole burning in the 4f7–4f65d1 transition of Eu2+ in MgS host is investigated in detail. The time and power dependencies of the hole depth and its photoerasure are analyzed assuming that a resonant two-photon ionization process initiates the hole burning. The near-room-temperature cycling shifts the hole to low energies, demonstrating the relaxation of an unstable lattice resulting from the hole burning. The characteristics of hole burning change significantly in samples codoped with Ce and Eu. All of these studies support that the mechanism of hole burning is the electron transfer from the Eu2+ ion to the Eu3+ deep trap, both of which are located at the substitutional octahedral sites.
We present the case of photoionization-induced persistent spectral holeburning in rare earth doped II-VI compounds for high density memory storage. Experimental data on photon-gated holeburning has been presented for different sulfide hosts (MgS, CaS: RE2+ and RE3+). With the proper choice of the host electronic band structure, the optically active rare earth ion and its electronic transitions involved in the holeburning process, we have observed the highest number of persistent holes ever burned in a single electronic transition. Efficient photon-gated holeburning in the 4f7 (8S7/2) - 4f65d1 transition of Eu2+ is a result of photoionization of Eu2+ to Eu3+. These holes have a width of less than 5 GHz, have no detectable erasing effects after thousands of reading cycles, survive thermal cycling up to the room temperature and have infinite lifetime at low temperature (2 K). Although self- gated holeburning is observed with reading laser at higher powers, the photon budget for reading these holes is so small that thousands of reading cycles can be performed without significantly affecting the optical signal. We discuss the unique features of these systems that make them the most promising candidates to date for the holeburning based optical memories.
We present the case of photoionization-induced holeburning in rare-earth-doped II–VI compounds for high-density persistent holeburning. In this case, the photoproduct of holeburning is distributed across the entire zero-phonon line. This maximizes the total number of possible spectral holes that can be burned into an inhomogeneous line as well as produces holes that are photoerasable. Experimental data on photon-gated holeburning in MgS:Eu2+, Eu3+ are presented. With the proper choice of the host electronic band structure, the optically active rare-earth ion and its electronic transitions involved in the holeburning process, to the best of our knowledge we have observed the highest number of photon-gated holes ever burned in a single electronic transition. The features of these holes are that they suffer no detectable erasure after several thousands of read cycles, they survive thermal cycling to ∼150 K, and they are completely photoerasable. A special case of photon-gated holeburning, power-gated holeburning, was employed to demonstrate that, in such systems, a single laser can be used for burning, reading, and erasing of the spectral holes.
Persistent spectral hole-burning has been reported for singly, Eu-doped, and doubly, Eu- and Sm-doped, CaS phosphors. Efficient photon gated holeburning in the 4f7 (8S7/2)−4f65d1 transition of Eu2+ is a result of photoionization of Eu2+ to Eu3+. These holes have a width of <5 GHz (2 K), survive thermal cycling of the phosphor up to the room temperature, 300 K, and have no detectable deterioration over more than a day of storage time at low temperature (2 K). Although self-gated holeburning is observed with the reading laser at higher powers, the photon budget for reading these holes is so small that in excess of 1000 reading cycles can be performed without destroying the optical signal. The nature of holes burned by photon-gating is found to be very different from the self-gated holes. The characteristics for the holeburning are the same in singly and doubly doped phosphors, suggesting that under the conditions of our experiments, Sm traps do not play any significant role in spectral holeburning. Possibilities of high density optical memory storage using photon-gated holeburning in this THz broad transition are discussed.
Previously we have reported the largest number of photon- gated spectral holes ever burned in a solid. This has interest in their applications in optical storage. However, multiple holeburning in MgS:Eu resulted in noticeable erasure of the previously burned holes. This was attributed to the mechanism of holeburning in this material where both Eu2+ and Eu3+ are stable ions. In gated holeburning, Eu2+ ions are ionized. Eu3+ that form deep traps, capture the electrons generated during the holeburning and are converted to Eu2+. The Zero Phonon Line (ZPL) of these newly formed Eu2+ ions are randomly distributed across the inhomogeneous line causing a partial erasure of the holes burned earlier. This reduces the efficiency of holeburning. Co-doping of MgS:Eu and CaS:Eu with different rare earth (RE) ions has been investigated to provide deep electron traps other than Eu3+. Furthermore, co-doping provides the opportunity to burn holes in multiple ZPLs belonging to different REs, thus increasing the storage density many folds.
Efficient persistent spectral hole burning in Eu3+-doped sulfide glasses was observed with the addition of CsBr or KBr. Holes in these glasses showed high initial growth rates, thermal barrier heights, and low relaxation rates. It was also possible to form independent multiholes on the inhomogeneously broadened absorption spectrum. One-photon absorption of the burning light and corresponding reduction of Eu3+ into Eu2+ via interaction with local conduction (or charge transfer) bands are the main processes for hole burning.
It is demonstrated that persistent hole burning in the zero-phonon line of Eu2+ in SLs of CaF2:Eu/CdF2 with uniformly doped CaF2 layers is mainly due to tunneling of electrons from the 4f65d excited state of Eu2 to the conduction band of adjacent CdF2 layer. However in selectively doped suoerlattices (SLs), the two-step photoionization process dominates in the formation of spectral holes. Two mechanisms of spectral hole broadening were discussed. These are the Stark-shifting of the Eu2 f-d transition energy induced by internal electric field and phonon assisted transitions.