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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Interference pattern produced on reflection at a phase-conjugate mirror II: Experiment

Arturo A. Jacobs, Wayne R. Tompkin, Robert W. Boyd, E. Wolf

Published Aug 1, 1987• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The nature of the fringe pattern produced by interference between a wave incident upon a phase-conjugate mirror and that leaving the mirror has been studied experimentally for a phase-conjugate mirror based on degenerate four-wave mixing. The fringe locations are found to depend on the phase of the wave incident upon the mirror, in agreement with recent theoretical predictions but in contrast to the results observed for the interference pattern produced on reflection at an ordinary metal mirror. The phases of the waves that pump the phase-conjugate mirror are shown to provide the reference with respect to which the phase of the incident wave is determined.

DOI
10.1364/josab.4.001266

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Applied Optics•Nov 20, 1998•1 citation
The nature of the fringe pattern produced by interference between a wave incident upon a phase-conjugate mirror and that leaving the mirror has been studied experimentally for a phase-conjugate mirror based on degenerate four-wave mixing. The fringe locations are found to depend on the phase of the wave incident upon the mirror, in agreement with recent theoretical predictions but in contrast to the results observed for the interference pattern produced on reflection at an ordinary metal mirror. The phases of the waves that pump the phase-conjugate mirror are shown to provide the reference with respect to which the phase of the incident wave is determined.
We have repeated the classic experiment of Wiener,1 which established the nature of the standing-wave pattern produced by reflection at the surface of a metallic mirror, with the metallic mirror used in his experiment replaced by a phase-conjugate mirror. We find that the positions of the fringes produced by interference between the wave incident on the phase-conjugate mirror and the wave leaving the mirror depends on the phase of the incident wave. This result is in contrast to that obtained through the use of a metallic mirror, in which case the interference pattern is found to be independent of the phase of the incident wave. The origin of the different behavior in these two cases lies in the fact that the phases of the waves that pump the PCM provide a reference through which phase information carried by the signal wave can be obtained. The experimental results are in excellent quantitative agreement with recent theoretical predictions.2
An ordinary mirror placed in front of a phase-conjugate mirror forms a type of Fabry–Perot interferometer with unusual reflection properties. The specularly reflected and phase-conjugate reflected intensities are analyzed for arbitrary reflection coefficients, given an incident monochromatic linearly polarized plane wave. It is shown that if the ordinary mirror is lossless and the phase-conjugate reflectivity is unity, the specularly reflected wave disappears completely. This leaves only the phase-conjugate reflected wave that propagates in the direction opposite to that of the incident wave. The above result is independent of the reflectivity of the ordinary mirror and the separation between the two interferometer mirrors. Some of the main effects due to absorption in the ordinary mirror are briefly discussed.
An experimental investigation was made of the influence of the state of optically polished surfaces of various materials on the scattering coefficient which governs the power of the intrinsic noise of phase-conjugate mirrors based on a degenerate four-wave interaction. The angular dependence of this coefficient was also investigated. The noise power of a phase-conjugate mirror made of InAs, operating at the optimal pump wave intensities 1— 2 MW cm -2 , may be reduced to ~2 × 10 -7 W per one spatial mode of the radiation to be phase-conjugated. This was achieved by increasing the angle between the axes of the signal and the pump beams up to ~1 rad without a significant reduction of the reflection efficiency, which can be ~500%.
Transient phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing in saturable dyes is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Two special cases are examined: (1) the case in which two pump waves and a probe wave are simultaneously turned on and (2) the case in which the pump waves are turned on well before the incidence of the probe wave. For case (1) a peak appears in the transient reflectivity for high pump intensity, while for case (2) the reflectivity increases monotonically with time up to the steady-state value irrespective of the value of the pump intensity.
We demonstrate that the phase conjugation of a beam during nondegenerate four-wave mixing is accompanied by a spatial shift relative to the degenerate conjugate-beam location. Experiments with a photorefractive phase-conjugate mirror reveal that the phase-conjugate beam shifts have a nonmonotonic dependence on the probe's detuning frequency and comprise both lateral displacements of up to 218 mum and angular tilts of up to 34 arc sec. An approximate theory based on spatial dispersion coefficients is in partial agreement with the experimental results.