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IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)

On the girth of quasi cyclic protograph LDPC codes

Mehdi Karimi, Amir H. Banihashemi

Published Jul 1, 2012• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we study the relationships between the girth of the Tanner graph of a quasi cyclic (QC) protograph low-density parity-check (LDPC) code, on one hand, and the lifting degree and the size and the structure of the base graph, on the other hand. As a result, for a given base graph and a given lifting degree, we derive an upper bound on the girth of the resulting lifted graphs (codes). The upper bounds derived here are generally tighter than the existing bounds. The results presented in this work can be used to select an appropriate lifting degree for a given base graph, in order to have a desired girth, or to provide some insight in designing good base graphs, or to properly select the base graph's edge permutations.

DOI
10.1109/isit.2012.6284128

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In this paper, we study the relationships between the girth of the Tanner graph of a quasi cyclic (QC) protograph low-density parity-check (LDPC) code, on one hand, and the lifting degree and the size and the structure of the base graph, on the other hand. As a result, for a given base graph and a given lifting degree, we derive an upper bound on the girth of the resulting lifted graphs (codes). The upper bounds derived here are generally tighter than the existing bounds. The results presented in this work can be used to select an appropriate lifting degree for a given base graph, in order to have a desired girth, or to provide some insight in designing good base graphs, or to properly select the base graph's edge permutations.
In this paper, we study the relationships between the girth of the Tanner graph of a quasi-cyclic (QC) protograph low-density parity-check (LDPC) code, the lifting degree, and the size and the structure of the base graph. As a result, for a given base graph, we derive a lower bound on the lifting degree as a necessary condition for the lifted graph to have a certain girth. This also provides an upper bound on the girth of the family of graphs lifted from a given base graph with a given lifting degree. The upper bounds derived here, which are applicable to both regular and irregular base graphs with no parallel edges, are in some cases more general and in some other cases tighter than the existing bounds. The results presented in this work can be used to design cyclic liftings with relatively small degree and relatively large girth. As an example, we present new QC protograph LDPC code constructions with girth 8 using fully connected base graphs. These constructions provide upper bounds on the lifting degree required for achieving girth 8 using fully connected base graphs.
Quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes based on protographs are of great interest to code designers because analysis and implementation are facilitated by the protograph structure and the use of circulant permutation matrices for protograph lifting. However, these restrictions impose undesirable fixed upper limits on important code parameters, such as minimum distance and girth. In this paper, we consider an approach to constructing QC-LDPC codes that uses a two-step lifting procedure based on a protograph, and, by following this method instead of the usual one-step procedure, we obtain improved minimum distance and girth properties. We also present two new design rules for constructing good QC-LDPC codes using this two-step lifting procedure, and in each case, we obtain a significant increase in minimum distance and achieve a certain guaranteed girth compared with one-step circulant-based liftings. The expected performance improvement is verified by simulation results.
In this paper, we study the cycle structure of quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with the goal of obtaining the shortest code with a given degree distribution and girth. We focus on QC-LDPC codes, whose Tanner graphs are cyclic liftings of fully connected base graphs of size 3 × n, n ≥ 4, and obtain minimal lifting degrees that result in girths 6 and 8. This is performed through an efficient exhaustive search, and as a result, we also find all the possible non-isomorphic codes with the same minimum block length, girth, and degree distribution. The exhaustive search, which is ordinarily a formidable task, is made possible by pruning the search space of many codes that are isomorphic to those previously examined in the search process. Many of the pruning techniques proposed in this paper are also applicable to QC-LDPC codes with base graphs other than the 3 × n fully connected ones discussed here, as well as to codes with a larger girth. To further demonstrate the effectiveness of the pruning techniques, we use them to search for QC-LDPC codes with girths 10 and 12, and find a number of such codes that have a shorter block length compared with the best known similar codes in the literature. In addition, motivated by the exhaustive search results, we tighten the lower bound on the block length of QC-LDPC codes of girth 6 constructed from fully connected 3 × n base graphs, and construct codes that achieve the lower bound for an arbitrary value of n ≥ 4.
Quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes based on protographs are of great interest to code designers because analysis and implementation are facilitated by the protograph structure and the use of circulant permutation matrices for protograph lifting. However, these restrictions impose undesirable fixed upper limits on important code parameters, such as minimum distance and girth. In this paper, we consider an approach to constructing QC-LDPC codes that uses a two-step lifting procedure based on a protograph, and, by following this method instead of the usual one-step procedure, we obtain improved minimum distance and girth properties. We also present two new design rules for constructing good QC-LDPC codes using this two-step lifting procedure, and in each case we obtain a significant increase in minimum distance and achieve a certain guaranteed girth compared to one-step circulant-based liftings. The expected performance improvement is verified by simulation results.
Quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are an important instance of proto-graph-based LDPC codes. In this paper we present upper bounds on the minimum Hamming distance of QC LDPC codes and study how these upper bounds depend on graph structure parameters (like variable degrees, check node degrees, girth) of the Tanner graph and of the underlying proto-graph. Moreover, for several classes of proto-graphs we present explicit QC LDPC code constructions that achieve (or come close) to the respective minimum Hamming distance upper bounds.
For a given base graph, the lifted graph can be obtained by a copy-and-permute procedure. If the permutation is cyclic, the lifted graph corresponds to a quasi-cyclic (QC) protograph low-density parity-check (LDPC) code. The girth of the QC protograph LDPC code is determined by the girth of the base graph and the permutation shifts. In this paper, we first derive a lower bound on the lifting degree to achieve a large girth lifted graph. Then, motivated by the cycle searching and girth maximizing features of the progressive edge-growth (PEG) algorithm, we introduce the permutation shifts determining (PSD) PEG algorithm, which can construct large girth base graph and determine the optimal permutation shifts, simultaneously. It is shown that the computational complexity of PSD-PEG algorithm is much lower than that of the PEG algorithm and the PEG-QC algorithm for the same codeword length. Furthermore, we show that the PSD-PEG algorithm can also be used to construct nonbinary QC protograph LDPC codes without low weight codes. Simulation results show that the binary and nonbinary QC protograph LDPC codes constructed by the PSD-PEG algorithm have good bit error rate performance and frame error rate performance over the additive white Gaussian noise channel.