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Breathing behavior of coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: from multi-soliton interactions to homoclinic tangles

Keith Promislow

Published Jan 1, 2008• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We consider the interaction of Bose-Einstein condensates in a nonlinear lattice formed from the local minima of an externally imposed periodic potential. Within a one-dimensional geometry, we develop a perturbation expansion for the motion of a condensate within the confines of the local minima of its potential well, coupled to the near-neighbor interaction with the adjacent condensates. We show that the resultant system of lattice differential equations possesses spatially localized breathing solutions.

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•Nov 10, 2012•0 citations
We consider the interaction of Bose-Einstein condensates in a nonlinear lattice formed from the local minima of an externally imposed periodic potential. Within a one-dimensional geometry, we develop a perturbation expansion for the motion of a condensate within the confines of the local minima of its potential well, coupled to the near-neighbor interaction with the adjacent condensates. We show that the resultant system of lattice differential equations possesses spatially localized breathing solutions.
We demonstrate the existence of localized oscillatory breathers for quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates confined in periodic potentials. The breathing behavior corresponds to position oscillations of individual condensates about the minima of the potential lattice. We deduce the structural stability of the localized oscillations from the construction. The stability is confirmed numerically for perturbations to the initial state of the condensate, to the potential trap, as well as for external noise. We also construct periodic and chaotic extended oscillations for the chain of condensates. All our findings are verified by direct numerical integration of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in one dimension.
Solitons are non-dispersive wave packets that balance the wave dispersion with a focusing nonlinearity. They maintain their shape and velocity after collisions with other solitons, owing to the integrability of the underlying nonlinear partial differential equations. They appear in various physical systems, such as water waves, light waves in optical fiber, and matter waves. In our laboratory, we study solitons and their interactions in a Bose-Einstein condensate with an attractive nonlinearity, trapped in a quasi-one-dimensional waveguide. We investigate the collisions of a pair of solitons and explore the relative phase implications on the boundary of integrability. We study soliton train formation with the quench of the nonlinearity strength, and interactions between neighboring solitons in the train. We form a composite soliton, known as a breather, where multiple solitons overlap and the wavefunction ``breathes'' in time. We also explore the response of an elongated condensate to an external modulation of the nonlinearity. These experiments characterize the mean-field descriptions of solitons and Bose-Einstein condensates and explore the boundaries between the mean-field theory and quantum many-body theory.
We investigate families of soliton solutions in a spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate embedded in an optical lattice, which bifurcate from the nearly flat lowest band. Unlike the conventional gap solitons, the obtained solutions have the shape well approximated by a Wannier function (or a few Wannier functions) of the underlying linear Hamiltonian with amplitudes varying along the family and with nearly constant widths. The Wannier solitons sharing all symmetries of the system Hamiltonian are found to be stable. Such solutions allow for the construction of Wannier breathers that can be viewed as nonlinearly coupled one-hump solitons. The breathers are well described by a few-mode model and manifest stable behavior either in an oscillatory regime with balanced average populations or in a self-trapping regime characterized by unbalanced atomic populations of the local potential minima (similarly to the conventional boson Josephson junction), with the frequencies controlled by the interatomic interactions.
We study analytically and numerically the nonlinear collective dynamics of quasi-one-dimensional spin–orbit coupled spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates trapped in harmonic potential. The ground state of the system is determined by minimizing the Lagrange density, and the coupled equations of motions for the center-of-mass coordinate of the condensate and its width are derived. Then, two low energy excitation modes in breathing dynamics and dipole dynamics are obtained analytically, and the mechanism of exciting the anharmonic collective dynamics is revealed explicitly. The coupling among spin–orbit coupling, Raman coupling and spin-dependent interaction results in multiple external collective modes, which leads to the anharmonic collective dynamics. The cooperative effect of spin momentum locking and spin-dependent interaction results in coupling of dipolar and breathing dynamics, which strongly depends on spin-dependent interaction and behaves distinct characters in different phases. Interestingly, in the absence of spin-dependent interaction, the breathing dynamics is decoupled from spin dynamics and the breathing dynamics is harmonic. Our results provide theoretical evidence for deep understanding of the ground sate phase transition and the nonlinear collective dynamics of the system.
The novel phenomena arising from Bose-Einstein condensates with spatially and spatiotemporally modulated nonlinearities in external potential is reviewed from a theoretical viewpoint. We first present theoretical analysis and numerical studies of the localized nonlinear matter waves in one-dimensional single and two-component BECs with spatially and spatiotemporally modulated nonlinearities, respectively. It is shown that the spatially or spatiotemporally modulated nonlinearity can support stable novel localized nonlinear matter waves such as the breathing solitons and moving solitons. Then the quasi-two-dimensional BEC with spatially modulated nonlinearity is investigated and we show that all of the BECs, similar to the linear harmonic oscillator, can have an arbitrary number of localized nonlinear matter waves with discrete energies. Their properties are determined by the principal quantum number and secondary quantum number. Moreover, we investigate the quantized vortices in a rotating BEC with spatiotemporally modulated interaction in harmonic and anharmonic potentials, respectively. The exact quantized vortex and giant vortex solutions are constructed explicitly by similarity transformation. Their stability behavior is examined by numerical simulation, which shows that a new series of stable vortex states which are defined by radial and angular quantum numbers, can be supported by the spatiotemporally modulated interaction in this system. We find that there exist stable quantized vortices with large topological charges in repulsive condensates with spatiotemporally modulated interaction.