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IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Visible spectrum absorption cross section of Cr3+in the2E state of pink ruby

Y. C. Kiang, Joseph F. Stephany, Fred C. Unterleitner

Published Oct 1, 1965• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Absorption cross sections of Cr3+in the metastable2E states of pink ruby (0.05 percent Cr2O3) have been measured forE \perp Cbetween 4000 Å and 7000 Å at 297°K and 115°K. Both 0 degree and 90 degree ruby rods were measured in a flash absorption apparatus having a spectral resolution of 50 Å. The broad excited state absorption bands centered at 5600 Å appear to correlate with the positions of2T1(3T1) level, while the narrow band centered at 4540 Å correlates well with the predicted2A2(1E) level. The effect of excited state absorption on laser operation is discussed in this paper.

DOI
10.1109/jqe.1965.1072237

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The absorption spectrum of Cr3+ ions in the magnesium spinel MgAl2O4 was determined for crystals excited by strong optical pumping, and for unexcited crystals. The absorption cross section of the 4A2g level was found to be 2.5 10–20 cm2, which was an order of magnitude smaller than that for ruby. The spectrum obtained for the excited crystals consisted of five absorption bands with maxima at 250, 325, 390, 440, and 550 nm. The absorption cross section for the maximum of the first band was ~2 10–18 cm2. The absorption cross sections at the maxima of the other bands were (1 – 2.5) 10–20 cm2. An energy scheme for Cr3+ ions in MgAl2O4 was derived.

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OPTICAL ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF EXCITED Cr3+IONS IN YTTRIUM ALUMINUM GARNET

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An investigation was made of the absorption spectrum of Cr 3+ ions in the ground ( 4 A 2 ) and metastable ( 2 E) states, and of the luminescence spectrum of the same ions in Y 3 Al 5 O 12 crystals at 300 and 77°K. The effective absorption cross sections were determined for the 4 A 2 state. The luminescence deexcitation time was found to be 1.5 and 9 msec at 300 and 77°K, respectively. The absorption spectrum of the 2 E state had four wide absorption bands with maxima at 16,700, 23,300, 28,600, and 40,500 cm –1 . The theoretical energy level scheme of Cr 3+ was calculated for Dq = 1725 cm –1 , G = 640 cm –1 , C = 3200 cm –1 , v = 495 cm –1 , and v' = 259 cm –1 , making an allowance for the mixing of the Γ trig S states. The experimentally observed absorption bands were attributed to specific transitions and the theoretical and experimental intensities were compared.

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Absorption and Fluorescence of Ruby Crystal

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The unique optical properties of the ruby crystal that make it effective as a lasing medium were measured using a simple optical setup.Ruby's absorption of visible light was shown to be strongest at 420 and 550 nm, corresponding to its physical appearance as transparent pink.While the ruby crystal was illuminated with a 532 nm green laser, the R-line fluorescence peaked at 693.5 ± 1.1 nm.Finally, the fluorescence lifetime of ruby was measured by pulsing the laser with a signal generator and capturing the decaying fluorescence on a digital oscilloscope using a photodiode.An exponential decay time-constant of 3.6 ± 0.1 ms was obtained, corresponding to the fluorescence lifetime.

ASEE Northeast Section Meeting•May 9, 2025•1 citation
Absorption cross sections of Cr3+in the metastable2E states of pink ruby (0.05 percent Cr2O3) have been measured forE \perp Cbetween 4000 Å and 7000 Å at 297°K and 115°K. Both 0 degree and 90 degree ruby rods were measured in a flash absorption apparatus having a spectral resolution of 50 Å. The broad excited state absorption bands centered at 5600 Å appear to correlate with the positions of2T1(3T1) level, while the narrow band centered at 4540 Å correlates well with the predicted2A2(1E) level. The effect of excited state absorption on laser operation is discussed in this paper.
Several experiments on optically excited ruby are described. First, absorption transitions initiated from the metastable states,t\min{2}\max{3}2Eandt\min{2}\max{3}2T1, are investigated in the photon energy range from 5500 to 45 000 cm-1. The absorption spectrum of these excited states is determined in both\pi-and σ-polarizations and assignments for the observed absorption bands are achieved. Obtained results are compared with other experiments reported in the literature. Next, emission properties of pink ruby are studied in the region near theRlines. The emission spectrum is determined point by point by means of intense flash excitation. The observed weak bands are ascribed to theR'and phonon assistedRtransitions. Laser actions in these bands are discussed and experimental results on phonon terminated laser amplification are presented. An experiment using a giant pulse as an excitation source reveals that the transition time fromt\min{2}\max{3}2Etot\min{2}\max{3}2T1is shorter than a fraction of 1μs at room temperature.
The absorption cross sections of the Cr3+{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}Cr3+ ion in the metastable states 2E(E‾and2A‾)^{2}E (\overline{E} \mathrm{and} 2\overline{A})2E(Eand2A) of lightly doped ruby (\ensuremath{\sim}0.01%) have been measured as a function of polarization at temperatures of 30, 105, and 296\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in the region from 2300 to 7000 \AA{}. The lifetime of these states was measured by observing the decay rate of the excited-state absorption, and agreed with the value of the measured fluorescence decay rate at various temperatures. The population of the excited states was measured by the change of the area under the first two vibronic sidebands at low temperatures. At room temperature the population was measured by the change of transmitted intensity of a ruby laser.
The absorption spectrum of Cr3+ ions in the magnesium spinel MgAl2O4 was determined for crystals excited by strong optical pumping, and for unexcited crystals. The absorption cross section of the 4A2g level was found to be 2.5 10–20 cm2, which was an order of magnitude smaller than that for ruby. The spectrum obtained for the excited crystals consisted of five absorption bands with maxima at 250, 325, 390, 440, and 550 nm. The absorption cross section for the maximum of the first band was ~2 10–18 cm2. The absorption cross sections at the maxima of the other bands were (1 – 2.5) 10–20 cm2. An energy scheme for Cr3+ ions in MgAl2O4 was derived.
An investigation was made of the absorption spectrum of Cr 3+ ions in the ground ( 4 A 2 ) and metastable ( 2 E) states, and of the luminescence spectrum of the same ions in Y 3 Al 5 O 12 crystals at 300 and 77°K. The effective absorption cross sections were determined for the 4 A 2 state. The luminescence deexcitation time was found to be 1.5 and 9 msec at 300 and 77°K, respectively. The absorption spectrum of the 2 E state had four wide absorption bands with maxima at 16,700, 23,300, 28,600, and 40,500 cm –1 . The theoretical energy level scheme of Cr 3+ was calculated for Dq = 1725 cm –1 , G = 640 cm –1 , C = 3200 cm –1 , v = 495 cm –1 , and v' = 259 cm –1 , making an allowance for the mixing of the Γ trig S states. The experimentally observed absorption bands were attributed to specific transitions and the theoretical and experimental intensities were compared.
The unique optical properties of the ruby crystal that make it effective as a lasing medium were measured using a simple optical setup.Ruby's absorption of visible light was shown to be strongest at 420 and 550 nm, corresponding to its physical appearance as transparent pink.While the ruby crystal was illuminated with a 532 nm green laser, the R-line fluorescence peaked at 693.5 ± 1.1 nm.Finally, the fluorescence lifetime of ruby was measured by pulsing the laser with a signal generator and capturing the decaying fluorescence on a digital oscilloscope using a photodiode.An exponential decay time-constant of 3.6 ± 0.1 ms was obtained, corresponding to the fluorescence lifetime.