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IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Spatially antibunched semiconductor laser beam for sub-shot-noise-limited apertured transmission

R.A. Salvatore, Ataç İmamoğlu, L.A. Coldren

Published Jan 1, 1998• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that, using a semiconductor laser, one can generate spatially antibunched light. This light displays a smaller variance when measured over finite spatial regions than light from a classical source. In analogy with the common (temporal) amplitude-squeezed light, which possess photon statistics that are more regularly spaced in time than a Poissonian, this spatially amplitude-squeezed light produces a beam having photon statistics that are more highly correlated across its transverse extent than the typical (having Poissonian detection statistics) laser beam. One may have a spatially amplitude-squeezed source which does not display temporal squeezing, and one may have a temporally amplitude-squeezed source which does not display spatial amplitude squeezing. The possibility of having both forms of amplitude squeezing simultaneously is considered and such a device, using semiconductor laser technology, is proposed. Analysis reveals that there is indeed a quantum correlation between different segments of the beam. This spatially antibunched light suffers less signal-to-noise degradation when spatially partitioned in the object or subsequent image planes, making it potentially superior in spatial light modulation, free-space transmission, or imaging applications.

DOI
10.1109/3.726613

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It is shown that, using a semiconductor laser, one can generate spatially antibunched light. This light displays a smaller variance when measured over finite spatial regions than light from a classical source. In analogy with the common (temporal) amplitude-squeezed light, which possess photon statistics that are more regularly spaced in time than a Poissonian, this spatially amplitude-squeezed light produces a beam having photon statistics that are more highly correlated across its transverse extent than the typical (having Poissonian detection statistics) laser beam. One may have a spatially amplitude-squeezed source which does not display temporal squeezing, and one may have a temporally amplitude-squeezed source which does not display spatial amplitude squeezing. The possibility of having both forms of amplitude squeezing simultaneously is considered and such a device, using semiconductor laser technology, is proposed. Analysis reveals that there is indeed a quantum correlation between different segments of the beam. This spatially antibunched light suffers less signal-to-noise degradation when spatially partitioned in the object or subsequent image planes, making it potentially superior in spatial light modulation, free-space transmission, or imaging applications.
Nonclassical effects such as squeezing, antibunching, and sub-Poissonian statistics of photons have been attracting attention in quantum optics over the last decade. Up to now most theoretical and experimental investigations have been carried out exclusively in the time domain while neglecting the spatial aspects by considering only one spatial mode of the electromagnetic field. In many situations such an approximation is well justified. There are, however, problems that do not allow in principle a single-mode consideration. This is the case when one wants to investigate the quantum fluctuations of light at different spatial points in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the light beam. Such an investigation requires a complete description of quantum fluctuations of light in both time and space and cannot be done within a single-mode theory. This space-time description brings about a natural generalization into the spatial domain of such notions as the standard quantum limit, squeezing, antibunching, etc. It predicts, for example, the possibility of generating a light beam with sub-Poissonian statistics of photons not only in time but also in the beam's transverse plane. Of particular relevance to the applications is a situation in which the cross section of the light beam contains several nonoverlapping areas with sub-Poissonian statistics of photons in each. Photodetection of such a beam produces several sub-shot-noise photocurrents depending on the number of independent areas with sub-Poissonian statistics. This is in marked contrast to the case of a single-mode sub-Poissonian light beam in which any attempt to collect light from only a part of the beam deteriorates the degree of shot-noise reduction. This property of multimode squeezed light opens a range of interesting new applications in optical imaging, optical parallel processing of information, parallel computing, and many other areas in which it is desirable to have a light beam with regular photon statistics across its transverse area. The aim of this review is to describe the recent development in this branch of quantum optics.
Intensity squeezed light was successfully generated using semiconductor lasers with sub-Poissonian pumping. Control of the pumping statistics is crucial and is achieved by a large series resistor which regulates the pump current; its sub-Poissonian statistics are then transferred to the laser output. The sub-Poissonian pumping of other laser systems is not so simple, however, and their potential as squeezed states sources is apparently diminished. We consider a conventional laser incoherently pumped well above threshold, and allow for pump depletion of the ground state. In this regime, sub-Poissonian photon statistics and squeezed amplitude fluctuations are produced.
A second-order correlation function approach is adopted to focus on the mechanism for generating amplitude-squeezed light in a semiconductor diode laser pumped with suppressed amplitude fluctuations. Second-order correlation functions between the electromagnetic field intensities and between the electromagnetic field intensities and the charge carrier numbers are calculated. Sub-Poissonian statistics and antibunching effects inside the laser cavity are analyzed; the analysis focuses on various quantities responsible for generating this state of the field. The influence of these quantities on the noise spectra of the detected field and conditions for quantum-noise reduction are considered.
Summary form only given.It has previously been shown that a traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier can generate multimode squeezed states of light. Homodyne detection of multimode squeezed light, under certain physical conditions, results in sub-Poissonian statistics of photons not only in time but also in the transverse plane of the light beam. Of particular relevance to applications is a situation when the cross section of the light beam contains several nonoverlapping areas with sub-Poissonian statistics of photons within each of them. Under photodetection of such a beam of light, several sub-shot-noise photocurrents can be produced according to the number of independent areas with sub-Poissonian statistics. This is in drastic contrast to the case of a single-mode sub-Poissonian light beam, where any attempt to collect light only from a part of the beam deteriorates the degree of shot-noise reduction. This property of multimode squeezed light opens a range of new interesting applications in optical imaging, optical parallel processing of information, parallel computing, and many other phenomena where it is desirable to have the regular statistics of photons across the transverse plane of the electromagnetic wave. We describe the application of multimode squeezed light in sub-shot-noise microscopy, noiseless amplifications of optical images, and optical imaging. We also consider the possibility of improving the resolution in optical imaging and microscopy beyond the Rayleigh limit via multimode squeezed light.
We consider transformation of quantum intensity correlations of light, observed by direct photodetection, by a single-lens temporal imaging scheme with magnification factor M . We prove that such an imaging scheme performs noiseless stretching or contraction of the second-order intensity correlation function without deteriorating such nonclassical features as antibunching and sub-Poissonian statistics of the photons. We also evaluate the photocurrent fluctuation spectrum for the photodetection of nonclassical light and show that this temporal imaging scheme performs its noiseless scaling by magnification factor M without adding any noise. We illustrate our results by two examples of nonclassical light sources: sub-Poissonian laser as a continuous-wave macroscopic nonclassical light source exhibiting antibunching and sub-Poissonian statistics of photons and single-photon source as its pulsed counterpart possessing similar nonclassical features. Our results open interesting possibilities for noiseless control of temporal and spectral characteristics of nonclassical light and can find numerous practical applications in quantum optics and quantum information.