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Journal of the Optical Society of America A

Quantum cryptography with perfect multiphoton entanglement

Yu‐Hui Luo, Kam Tai Chan

Published May 1, 2005• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Multiphoton entanglement in the same polarization has been shown theoretically to be obtainable by type-I spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC), which can generate bright pulses more easily than type-II SPDC. A new quantum cryptographic protocol utilizing polarization pairs with the detected type-I entangled multiphotons is proposed as quantum key distribution. We calculate the information capacity versus photon number corresponding to polarization after considering the transmission loss inside the optical fiber, the detector efficiency, and intercept-resend attacks at the level of channel error. The result compares favorably with all other schemes employing entanglement.

DOI
10.1364/josaa.22.001003

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Multiphoton entanglement in the same polarization has been shown theoretically to be obtainable by type-I spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC), which can generate bright pulses more easily than type-II SPDC. A new quantum cryptographic protocol utilizing polarization pairs with the detected type-I entangled multiphotons is proposed as quantum key distribution. We calculate the information capacity versus photon number corresponding to polarization after considering the transmission loss inside the optical fiber, the detector efficiency, and intercept-resend attacks at the level of channel error. The result compares favorably with all other schemes employing entanglement.
Multiphoton entanglement in the same polarization has been theoretically shown to be obtainable by type‐I spontaneous parametric down‐conversion (SPDC), which can generate bright pulses more easily than type‐II SPDC. A new quantum cryptographic protocol utilizing polarization pairs with the detected type‐I entangled multiphotons is proposed as quantum key distribution. The information capacity versus photon number corresponding to polarization is calculated after considering the transmission loss inside the optical fiber, the detector efficiency and intercept‐resend attacks under the level of channel error. This result thus achieved compares very favorably with all other schemes employing entanglement.
Multiphoton entanglement in the same polarization has been theoretically shown to be obtainable by type-I spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), which can generate bright pulses more easily than type-II SPDC. A quantum cryptographic protocol utilizing photon number coding of the detected type-I entangled multiphotons is described. The information capacity versus photon number is calculated after considering the transmission loss inside the optical fiber and the detector efficiency, considering possible attacks to the scheme. The result thus achieved compares very favorably with all other schemes employing entanglement.
A new scheme for quantum cryptography, based on a distributed polarization quantum intensity interferometer, is presented. Two-photon entangled states generated via the optical nonlinear process of type-II phase-matched spontaneous parametric down-conversion are used to securely distribute secret cryptographic keys. The high contrast and stability of the quantum interference pattern obtained by using this design renders it superior to the best existing single-photon polarization technique. In addition, the use of high-repetition-rate femtosecond pump pulses for down-conversion significantly enhances the production rate of entangled photon pairs for key distribution.
Abstract Multiphoton entanglement is the basis of many quantum communication schemes, quantum cryptographic protocols, and fundamental tests of quantum theory. Spontaneous parametric down‐conversion is the most effective source for polarization entangled photon pairs. Here we show, that a class of entangled 4‐photon states can be directly created by parametric down‐conversion. These states exhibit perfect quantum correlations and a high robustness of entanglement against photon loss. Therefore these states are well suited for new types of quantum communication.
We present two types of photon sources designed for secure quantum communication, e.g. for quantum cryptography. Both types are based on the creation of photon pairs by spontaneous parametric downconversion in nonlinear crystals. The first is a heralded single photon source and the second is a source of polarization-entangled photon pairs. For the heralded single photon source the detection of one of the photons of a downconversion pair is used as a trigger to announce the presence of the other: the single photon. The source is characterized by a highly sub-Poisson photon number statistics making it very suitable for use in quantum cryptography protocols using single photonic qubits to create correlated information between a sender and a receiver. The entanglement source instead uses the inherent non-classical correlations between entangled qubits. We also present a hybrid-encoding where the sender uses polarization to encode information while the receiver uses time-bins. Both sources create photons with highly non-degenerate wavelengths of 810 nm and 1550 nm, taking advantage of the efficient detectors at near-infrared and the low transmission loss of optical fibers at telecommunication wavelengths.
Multiphoton entanglement is the basis of many quantum communication schemes, quantum cryptographic protocols, and fundamental tests of quantum theory. Spontaneous parametric down-conversion is the most effective source for polarization entangled photon pairs. Here we show, that a entangled 4-photon state can be directly created by parametric down-conversion. This state exhibit perfect quantum correlations and a high robustness of entanglement against photon loss. We have used this state for four-particle test of local realistic theories. Therefore this state can be used for new types of quantum communication. We also report on possibilities for the experimentally realization of a 3-photon entangled state, the so called W-state, and discuss some of its properties.