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Advances in Difference Equations

The numerical method for computing the ground state of the two-component dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate

Si-Qi Li, Xiang‐Gui Li, Dongying Hua

Published Jul 8, 2013• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A two-component Bose-Einstein condensate described by two coupled Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equations in three dimensions is considered, where one equation has dipole-dipole interactions while the other one has only the usual s -wave contact interaction, in a harmonic trap. The singularity in the dipole-dipole interactions brings significant difficulties both in mathematical analysis and in numerical simulations. The backward Euler method in time and the sine spectral method in space are proposed to compute the ground states. Numerical results are given to show the efficiency of this method.

DOI
10.1186/1687-1847-2013-204

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A two-component Bose-Einstein condensate described by two coupled Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equations in three dimensions is considered, where one equation has dipole-dipole interactions while the other one has only the usual s -wave contact interaction, in a harmonic trap. The singularity in the dipole-dipole interactions brings significant difficulties both in mathematical analysis and in numerical simulations. The backward Euler method in time and the sine spectral method in space are proposed to compute the ground states. Numerical results are given to show the efficiency of this method.
A two-component Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) described by two coupled a three-dimension Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equations is considered, where one equation has dipole-dipole interaction while the other one has only the usual s-wave contact interaction, in a cigar trap. The time-splitting and sine spectral method in space is proposed to discretize the time-dependent equations for computing the dynamics of dipolar BEC. The singularity in the dipole-dipole interaction brings significant difficulties both in mathematical analysis and in numerical simulations. Numerical results are given to show the efficiency of this method.
In this paper, we mainly review recent results on mathematical theory andnumerical methods for Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC),based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE). Starting from the simplest case with one-component BEC of the weakly interacting bosons, we study the reduction of GPE to lower dimensions, the ground states of BEC including the existence and uniqueness as well as nonexistence results, and the dynamics of GPE including dynamical laws, well-posedness of the Cauchy problem as well as the finite time blow-up. To compute the ground state, the gradient flow with discrete normalization (or imaginary time) method is reviewed and various full discretization methods are presented and compared. To simulate the dynamics, both finite difference methods and time splitting spectral methods are reviewed, and their error estimates are briefly outlined. When the GPE has symmetric properties, we show how to simplify the numerical methods. Then we compare two widely used scalings, i.e. physical scaling (commonly used) and semiclassical scaling, for BEC in strong repulsive interaction regime (Thomas-Fermi regime), and discuss semiclassical limits of the GPE. Extensions of these results for one-component BEC are thencarried out for rotating BEC by GPE with an angular momentum rotation, dipolar BEC by GPE with long range dipole-dipole interaction, and two-component BEC by coupled GPEs. Finally, as a perspective, we show briefly the mathematical models forspin-1 BEC, Bogoliubov excitation and BEC at finite temperature.
We propose efficient and accurate numerical methods for computing the ground state and dynamics of the dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates utilising a newly developed dipole-dipole interaction (DDI) solver that is implemented with the non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) algorithm. We begin with the three-dimensional (3D) Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with a DDI term and present the corresponding two-dimensional (2D) model under a strongly anisotropic confining potential. Different from existing methods, the NUFFT based DDI solver removes the singularity by adopting the spherical/polar coordinates in the Fourier space in 3D/2D, respectively, thus it can achieve spectral accuracy in space and simultaneously maintain high efficiency by making full use of FFT and NUFFT whenever it is necessary and/or needed. Then, we incorporate this solver into existing successful methods for computing the ground state and dynamics of GPE with a DDI for dipolar BEC. Extensive numerical comparisons with existing methods are carried out for computing the DDI, ground states and dynamics of the dipolar BEC. Numerical results show that our new methods outperform existing methods in terms of both accuracy and efficiency.
The achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in ultracold vapors of alkali atoms has given enormous impulse to the theoretical and experimental study of dilute atomic gases in condensed quantum states inside magnetic traps and optical lattices. This article offers a short survey on mathematical models and theories as well as numerical methods for BEC based on the mean field theory. We start with the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) in three dimensions (3D) for modeling one-component BEC of the weakly interacting bosons, scale it to obtain a three-parameter model and show how to reduce it to two dimensions (2D) and one dimension (1D) GPEs in certain limiting regimes. Mathematical theories and numerical methods for ground states and dynamics of BEC are provided. Extensions to GPE with an angular momentum rotation term for a rotating BEC, to GPE with long-range anisotropic dipole-dipole interaction for a dipolar BEC and to coupled GPEs for spin-orbit coupled BECs are discussed. Finally, some conclusions are drawn and future research perspectives are discussed.
In this paper, we prove existence and uniqueness results for the ground states of the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations for describing two-component Bose-Einstein condensates with an internal atomic Josephson junction, and obtain the limiting behavior of the ground states with large parameters. Efficient and accurate numerical methods based on continuous normalized gradient flow and gradient flow with discrete normalization are presented, for computing the ground states numerically. A modified backward Euler finite difference scheme is proposed to discretize the gradient flows. Numerical results are reported, to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical methods and show the rich phenomena of the ground sates in the problem.
We numerically study the nonlocal Gross–Pitaevskii equation (NGPE) which describes the dynamics of Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC) with dipole–dipole interaction at extremely low temperature. In preparation for the numerics, first we reformulate the dimensionless NGPE into a Schrödinger–Poisson system. Then, we discretize the three-dimensional Schrödinger–Poisson system in space by a sixth-order compact finite difference method and in time by a splitting technique. By means of three-dimensional discrete fast Sine transform, we develop a fast solver for the resulting discretized system. Finally, we present numerical examples in three dimensions to demonstrate the power of the numerical methods and to discuss some physics of dipolar BEC. The merits of the proposed method for the NGPE are that it is fast and unconditionally stable. Moreover, the method is of spectral-like accuracy in space, and conserves the particle number and the energy of the system in the discretized level.