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IEEE Communications Letters

On the Design of LDPC-Convolutional Ensembles Using the TEP Decoder

Pablo M. Olmos, Luis Salamanca, Juan José Murillo-Fuentes, Fernando Pérez‐Cruz

Published Mar 13, 2012• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Low-density parity-check convolutional (LDPCC) codes asymptotically achieve channel capacity under belief propagation (BP) decoding. In this paper, we decode LDPCC codes using the Tree-Expectation Propagation (TEP) decoder, recently proposed as an alternative decoding method to the BP algorithm for the binary erasure channel (BEC). We show that, for LDPCC codes, the TEP decoder improves the BP solution with a comparable complexity or, alternatively, it allows using shorter codes to achieve similar error rates. We also propose a window-sliding scheme for the TEP decoder to reduce the decoding latency.

DOI
10.1109/lcomm.2012.030912.120092

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IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)•Jul 1, 2013•0 citations
Low-density parity-check convolutional (LDPCC) codes asymptotically achieve channel capacity under belief propagation (BP) decoding. In this paper, we decode LDPCC codes using the Tree-Expectation Propagation (TEP) decoder, recently proposed as an alternative decoding method to the BP algorithm for the binary erasure channel (BEC). We show that, for LDPCC codes, the TEP decoder improves the BP solution with a comparable complexity or, alternatively, it allows using shorter codes to achieve similar error rates. We also propose a window-sliding scheme for the TEP decoder to reduce the decoding latency.
In this paper we present a new algorithm, denoted as TEP, to decode low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the Binary Erasure Channel (BEC). The TEP decoder is derived applying the expectation propagation (EP) algorithm with a tree- structured approximation. Expectation Propagation (EP) is a generalization to Belief Propagation (BP) in two ways. First, it can be used with any exponential family distribution over the cliques in the graph. Second, it can impose additional constraints on the marginal distributions. We use this second property to impose pair-wise marginal constraints in some check nodes of the LDPC code's Tanner graph. The algorithm has the same computational complexity than BP, but it can decode a higher fraction of errors when applied over the BEC. In this paper, we focus on the asymptotic performance of the TEP decoder, as the block size tends to infinity. We describe the TEP decoder by a set of differential equations that represents the residual graph evolution during the decoding process. The solution of these equations yields the capacity of this decoder for a given LDPC ensemble over the BEC. We show that the achieved capacity with the TEP is higher than the BP capacity, at the same computational complexity.
In this paper, we put forward the tree-structured expectation propagation (TEP) algorithm for decoding block and convolutional low-density parity-check codes over any binary channel. We have already shown that TEP improves belief propagation (BP) over the binary erasure channel (BEC) by imposing marginal constraints over a set of pairs of variables that form a tree or a forest. The TEP decoder is a message-passing algorithm that sequentially builds a tree/forest of erased variables to capture additional information disregarded by the standard BP decoder, which leads to a noticeable reduction of the error rate for finite-length codes. In this paper, we show how the TEP can be extended to any channel, specifically to binary memoryless symmetric (BMS) channels. We particularly focus on how the TEP algorithm can be adapted for any channel model and, more importantly, how to choose the tree/forest to keep the gains observed for block and convolutional LDPC codes over the BEC.
In this work, we analyze the finite-length performance of low-density parity check (LDPC) ensembles decoded over the binary erasure channel (BEC) using the tree-expectation propagation (TEP) algorithm. In a previous paper, we showed that the TEP improves the BP performance for decoding regular and irregular short LDPC codes, but the perspective was mainly empirical. In this work, given the degree-distribution of an LDPC ensemble, we explain and predict the range of code lengths for which the TEP improves the BP solution. In addition, for LDPC ensembles that present a single critical point, we propose a scaling law to accurately predict the performance in the waterfall region. These results are of critical importance to design practical LDPC codes for the TEP decoder.
We present the tree-structure expectation propagation (Tree-EP) algorithm to decode low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over discrete memoryless channels (DMCs). Expectation propagation generalizes belief propagation (BP) in two ways. First, it can be used with any exponential family distribution over the cliques in the graph. Second, it can impose additional constraints on the marginal distributions. We use this second property to impose pairwise marginal constraints over pairs of variables connected to a check node of the LDPC code's Tanner graph. Thanks to these additional constraints, the Tree-EP marginal estimates for each variable in the graph are more accurate than those provided by BP. We also reformulate the Tree-EP algorithm for the binary erasure channel (BEC) as a peeling-type algorithm (TEP) and we show that the algorithm has the same computational complexity as BP and it decodes a higher fraction of errors. We describe the TEP decoding process by a set of differential equations that represents the expected residual graph evolution as a function of the code parameters. The solution of these equations is used to predict the TEP decoder performance in both the asymptotic regime and the finite-length regimes over the BEC. While the asymptotic threshold of the TEP decoder is the same as the BP decoder for regular and optimized codes, we propose a scaling law for finite-length LDPC codes, which accurately approximates the TEP improved performance and facilitates its optimization.
In this work we address the design of degree distributions (DD) of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes for the tree-expectation propagation (TEP) decoder. The optimization problem to find distributions to maximize the TEP decoding threshold for a fixed-rate code can not be analytically solved. We derive a simplified optimization problem that can be easily solved since it is based in the analytic expressions of the peeling decoder. Two kinds of solutions are obtained from this problem: we either design LDPC ensembles for which the BP threshold equals the MAP threshold or we get LDPC ensembles for which the TEP threshold outperforms the BP threshold, even achieving the MAP capacity in some cases. Hence, we proved that there exist ensembles for which the MAP solution can be obtained with linear complexity even though the BP threshold does not achieve the MAP threshold.
In this paper, we propose the tree-structured expectation propagation (TEP) algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoding over the binary additive white Gaussian noise (BI-AWGN) channel. By approximating the posterior distribution by a tree-structure factorization, the TEP has been proven to improve belief propagation (BP) decoding over the binary erasure channel (BEC). We show for the AWGN channel how the TEP decoder is also able to capture additional information disregarded by the BP solution, which leads to a noticeable reduction of the error rate for finite-length codes. We show that for the range of codes of interest, the TEP gain is obtained with a slight increase in complexity over that of the BP algorithm. An efficient way of constructing the tree-like structure is also described.