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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

Losing energy in classical, relativistic and quantum mechanics

David Atkinson

Published Oct 7, 2006• 21 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.shpsb.2006.06.002

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In a previous note (1), we argued that one may obtain either the Schrodinger or Klein-Gordon equation from the classical free particle Action = Integral dt L = T L(v) by writing v=X/T and using: p= dAction/dx partial and -E = dAction/dt partial. This may be used together with an energy-momentum relationship E=pp/2m (nonrelativistic) or EE=pp + mm (relativistic) to create an eigenfunction equation by using exp(i Action) as a solution. This is equivalent to exp(-iEt+ipx). In (2), we argued that if one generalizes momentum p to Ev where E(v) is energy and uses nonrelativsitic Lagrangian equations: p=dL/dv and H=E= pv-L, one may find the relativistic Lagrangian for a free particle which in turn yields p= d/dx (TL) partial and -E= d/dt (TL) partial i.e. the form of energy and momentum for a free particle in special relativity. In this brief note, we argue that the Action/Lagrangian formalism for a free particle seems to follow directly from a flow(flux) type equation namely: d/dx Action partial = p = Ev (= mo v nonrelativistic limit). If energy is flowing out of a region given by the usual Gaussian flux equation d/dx function (i.e. grad dot vector) represented by d/dx Action partial, then one is losing energy E(v) in this region. Thus d/dt Action partial = -E. As a result, one should analyze the problem in special relativity i.e. use p=E(v) v (but no explicit form for E(v)) and then take the nonrelativistic limit to get the nonrelativistic approximation. As a result, assuming a flow problem with a function Action(x,t) leads to the Lagrangian formalism. From this one may obtain the forms of special relativity, classical equations of motion and quantum mechanics for a free particle (relativistic or nonrelativistic).
Quantum mechanics is the physics of a superposed class of relativistic worlds. The direct evidence is the formalism itself: it is class arithmetic throughout. All worlds that share the same correlation record are indistinguishable, and by that principle constitute one world. The result is a 'class-of-worlds-as-a-world': literally a metaworld. This is the ontology of the quasi-classical world, and the explanation of the physics. The term quantum gravity becomes an ontological description of the quasi-classical world. This is quantum-gravity reality: the quantum superposition of gravitational spacetime worlds. As quantum mechanics is the superposition of the relativistic operation of all the worlds, the science is unified. The cycle of the standard von Neumann formulation is thus the operation of one causal principle, effective alternately at the two levels of logical type. In addition to Process 1, collapse, and Process 2, linear evolution, this framework identifies Process 0: the determinate relativistic dynamics of each world in the class. Process 2 is then the class-level superposition of Process 0; Process 1 is its class-level consequence when it causes the correlation record to change. Thus the formalisms are fully unified, together forming a single causal order. No new equations or dynamics are required. The same physical unification is exposed geometrically in the Compton-Schwarzschild crossing. In the standard resolving experiment, the same physical process operates at the two levels of logical type: the class-level Compton localisation scale contracts as the energy rises, while the element-level Schwarzschild radius expands, the two becoming equal at Planck order. At the crossing, the higher-logical-type quantum description loses its physical referent and the physically instantiated resolving scale becomes Schwarzschild geometry. The crossing is not a merger of the two formalisms at the Planck scale, but the transition for the enclosed region to element-level reality alone. The higher-logical-type class-of-worlds-as-a-world ceases to be constituted there, while relativistic physics continues. In reverse, the same transition is the genesis of the quantum universe in the Big Bang.
The energy levels of a hydrogen atom, derived by Bohr, are known to be approximations. This is because the classical quantum theory of Bohr does not take the theory of relativity into account. In this paper, the kinetic energy and momentum of an electron in a hydrogen atom are treated relativistically. A clearer argument is developed while also referring to papers published in the past. The energy levels of a hydrogen atom predicted by this paper almost match the theoretical values of Bohr. It is difficult to experimentally distinguish the two. However, this paper predicts the existence of an n = 0 energy level that cannot be predicted even with Dirac’s relativistic quantum mechanics. The only quantum number treated in this paper is n. This point falls far short of a finished quantum mechanics. However, even in discussion at the level of this paper, it can be concluded that quantum mechanics is an incomplete theory.