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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical and Physical Sciences

Chaotic classical and half-classical adiabatic reactions: geometric magnetism and deterministic friction

Michael Berry, Jonathan M. Robbins

Published Sep 8, 1993• 178 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We study the dynamics of a heavy (slow) classical system coupled, through its position, to a classical or quantal light (fast) system, and derive the first-order velocity-dependent corrections to the lowest adiabatic approximation for the reaction force on the slow system. If the fast dynamics is classical and chaotic, there are two such first-order forces, corresponding to the antisymmetric and symmetric parts of a tensor given by the time integral of the force–force correlation function of the fast motion for frozen slow coordinates. The antisymmetric part is geometric magnetism, in which the ‘magnetic field’ is the classical limit of the 2-form generating the quantum geometric phase. The symmetric part is deterministic friction, dissipating slow energy into the fast chaos; previously found by Wilkinson, this involves the same correlation function as governs the fluctuations and drift of the adiabatic invariant. In the ‘half-classical’ case where the fast system is quantal with a discrete spectrum of adiabatic states, the only first-order slow force is geometric magnetism; there is no friction. This discordance between classical and quantal fast motion is explained in terms of the clash between the semiclassical and adiabatic limits. A generalization of the classical case is given, where the slow velocity, as well as position, is coupled to the fast motion; to first order, the symplectic form in the lowest-order hamiltonian dynamics is modified.

DOI
10.1098/rspa.1993.0127

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Abstract We study the dynamics of a heavy (slow) classical system coupled, through its position, to a classical or quantal light (fast) system, and derive the first-order velocity-dependent corrections to the lowest adiabatic approximation for the reaction force on the slow system. If the fast dynamics is classical and chaotic, there are two such first-order forces, corresponding to the antisymmetric and symmetric parts of a tensor given by the time integral of the force–force correlation function of the fast motion for frozen slow coordinates. The antisymmetric part is geometric magnetism, in which the ‘magnetic field’ is the classical limit of the 2-form generating the quantum geometric phase. The symmetric part is deterministic friction, dissipating slow energy into the fast chaos; previously found by Wilkinson, this involves the same correlation function as governs the fluctuations and drift of the adiabatic invariant. In the ‘half-classical’ case where the fast system is quantal with a discrete spectrum of adiabatic states, the only first-order slow force is geometric magnetism; there is no friction. This discordance between classical and quantal fast motion is explained in terms of the clash between the semiclassical and adiabatic limits. A generalization of the classical case is given, where the slow velocity, as well as position, is coupled to the fast motion; to first order, the symplectic form in the lowest-order hamiltonian dynamics is modified.
Abstract We illustrate the effects of the classical ‘magnetic’ and ‘electric’ geometric forces that enter into the adiabatic description of the slow motion of a heavy system coupled to a light one, beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation of simple averaging. When the fast system is a spin S and the slow system is a massive particle whose spatial position R is coupled to S with energy (fast hamiltonian) S · R, the magnetic force is that of a monopole of strength I (= adiabatic invariant S · R/R) centred at R = 0, and the electric force is inverse-cube repulsion with strength S2 – I2. Confining the slow particle to the surface of a sphere eliminates the Born–Oppenheimer and electric forces, and generates motion with precession and nutation exactly equivalent to that of a heavy symmetrical top. In the adiabatic limit the nutation is small and the averaged precession is precisely reproduced by the magnetic force. Alternatively, choosing the exactly conserved total angular momentum to vanish eliminates the Born–Oppenheimer and magnetic forces, and generates as exact orbits a one-parameter family of curly ‘antelope horns’ coiling in from infinity, reversing hand, and receding to infinity. In the adiabatic limit the repulsion of the ‘guiding centre’ of these coils is exactly reproduced by the electric force. A by-product of the ‘antelope horn’ analysis is a determination of the shape of a curve with a given curvature k and torsion T in terms of the evolution of a quantum 2-spinor driven by a planar ‘magnetic field’ with components k and T.
We consider the geometric phase for a family of quantum/classical Hamiltonians in which the effect of changing parameters is simply to induce unitary/canonical transformations. In this case the classical limit of the geometric phase is easily obtained, even when the classical motion is chaotic. The results agree with those previously obtained for general chaotic families, but may be expressed in a simpler form, not involving time integrals of correlation functions. It is also straightforward to establish some results which are problematic in the general case, for example the form of periodic orbit corrections, and the closeness of the classical 2-form. If the parameters are regarded as dynamical variables, evolving slowly so as to maintain adiabaticity, they are subject to geometric magnetism, but not, in contrast to the general case, deterministic friction and Born-Oppenheimer forces. Examples including families of translated and rotated systems are discussed.
The autocorrelation function of the force acting on a slow classical system, resulting from interaction with a fast quantum system is calculated following Berry-Robbins, Wilkinson and Jarzynski within the leading order correction to the adiabatic approximation. The time integral of the autocorrelation function is often proportional to the rate of energy transfer between the systems. The fast quantum system is assumed to be chaotic in the classical limit for each configuration of the slow system. An analytic formula is obtained for the finite-time integral of the correlation function, in the framework of random matrix theory (RMT), for a specific dependence on the adiabatically varying parameter. Extension to a wider class of RMT models is discussed. For the Gaussian unitary and symplectic ensembles for long times the time integral of the correlation function vanishes or falls off as a Gaussian with a characteristic time that is proportional to the Heisenberg time, depending on the details of the model. The fall-off is inversely proportional to time for the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble. The correlation function is found to be dominated by the nearest-neighbour level spacings. It was calculated for a variety of nearest-neighbour level spacing distributions, including ones that do not originate from RMT ensembles. The various approximate formulae obtained are tested numerically in RMT. The results shed light on the quantum to classical crossover for chaotic systems. The implications on the possibility to experimentally observe deterministic friction are discussed.
The autocorrelation function of the force acting on a slow classical system, resulting from interaction with a fast quantum system is calculated following Berry-Robbins and Jarzynski within the leading order correction to the adiabatic approximation. The time integral of the autocorrelation function is proportional to the rate of dissipation. The fast quantum system is assumed to be chaotic in the classical limit for each configuration of the slow system. An analytic formula is obtained for the finite time integral of the correlation function, in the framework of random matrix theory (RMT), for a specific dependence on the adiabatically varying parameter. Extension to a wider class of RMT models is discussed. For the Gaussian unitary and symplectic ensembles for long times the time integral of the correlation function vanishes or falls off as a Gaussian with a characteristic time that is proportional to the Heisenberg time, depending on the details of the model. The fall off is inversely proportional to time for the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble. The correlation function is found to be dominated by the nearest neighbor level spacings. It was calculated for a variety of nearest neighbor level spacing distributions, including ones that do not originate from RMT ensembles. The various approximate formulas obtained are tested numerically in RMT. The results shed light on the quantum to classical crossover for chaotic systems. The implications on the possibility to experimentally observe deterministic friction are discussed. PACS: 05.45.Mt, 05.45.Ac, 05.45.-a 1
We study a slow classical system [particle] coupled to a fast quantum system with discrete energy spectrum. We adiabatically exclude the quantum system and construct an autonomous dynamics for the classical particle in successive orders of the small ratio εεε of the characteristic times. It is known that in the order ε0ε^0ε0 the particle gets an additional [Born-Oppenheimer] potential, while in the order $\eps^1$ it feels an effective magnetic field related to the Berry phase. In the order ε2ε^2ε2 the motion of the classical particle can be reduced to a free [geodesic] motion on a curved Riemannian manifold, with the metric generated by the excluded quantum system. This motion has a number of unusual features, e.g., it combines subspaces of different (Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian) signature for the metric tensor. In the order ε3ε^3ε3 the motion of the classical particle is still described by a Lagrangian, but the latter linearly depends on the particle's acceleration. This implies the existence of a spin tensor [non-orbital angular momentum] for the particle. This spin tensor is related to the momentum via an analogue of the zitterbewegung effect. The Hamiltonian structure of the system is non-trivial and is defined via non-linear Poisson brackets. The linear dependence of the effective classical Lagrangian on higher-order derivatives is seen as well in the higher orders εnε^nεn.
An isolated classical chaotic system, when driven by the slow change in several parameters, responds with two reaction forces: geometric friction and geometric magnetism. By using the theory of quantum fluctuation relations, we show that this holds true also for open quantum systems and provide explicit expressions for those forces in this case. This extends the concept of Berry curvature to the realm of open quantum systems. We illustrate our findings by calculating the geometric magnetism of a damped charged quantum harmonic oscillator transported along a path in physical space in the presence of a magnetic field and a thermal environment. We find that, in this case, the geometric magnetism is unaffected by the presence of the heat bath.