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Optics Express

Photonic switching in waveguides using spatial concepts inspired by EIT

Pavel Ginzburg, Meir Orenstein

Published Jan 1, 2006• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Optical waveguide switches based on spatial arrangements inspired by electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT) concepts are presented. Interferometric control of optical signal by an optical gate is accomplished in three configurations. The first is employing a direct spatial version of EIT, the second is exploiting space reciprocity to accomplish performance not achievable in the time domain EIT and finally a novel version of EIT, using tunneling, is transformed into the spatial domain. For all configurations - closed form analysis as well as actual device simulation are presented.

DOI
10.1364/oe.14.011312

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Optical waveguide switches based on spatial arrangements inspired by electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT) concepts are presented. Interferometric control of optical signal by an optical gate is accomplished in three configurations. The first is employing a direct spatial version of EIT, the second is exploiting space reciprocity to accomplish performance not achievable in the time domain EIT and finally a novel version of EIT, using tunneling, is transformed into the spatial domain. For all configurations - closed form analysis as well as actual device simulation are presented.
An all-optical switch composed of two interacting nanoparticles in front of an optical dielectric slab waveguide is proposed. An incident optical signal is coupled to the optical waveguide after scattering by the two nanoparticles. The scattered fields interfere constructively or destructively depending on the degree of optical transparency the nanoparticles induced by an optical control signal. The considered nanoparticles have a metallic core coated by an outer shell with three-level clusters such that the nanoparticles can exhibit electromagnetically induced transparency. A dipole-approximation model-based analysis reveals that a high rejection ratio can be achieved using the proposed configuration.
We have investigated numerically an optical bistability effect based on an analog of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a nanoscale plasmonic waveguide-coupled resonator system. The system consists of a metal-insulator-metal waveguide side-coupled with a slot cavity and a nanodisk cavity containing Kerr nonlinear material. By finite-difference time-domain simulations, the EIT-like spectral peak has a redshift with an increase of the dielectric constant of the nanodisk cavity. More importantly, we have achieved an optical bistability with threshold intensity about three times lower than that of recent literature [Appl. Opt.50, 5287 (2011)]. The results show that our plasmonic structure can find more excellent application in highly integrated optical circuits, especially all-optical switching.
The frequency-sensitive optical response due to two-photon resonance of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a tunable band structure of an EIT-based layered medium is considered. The unit cells of this periodic layered structure are composed of dielectric (e.g., GaAs) and EIT atomic vapor. The frequency-sensitive behavior of controllable reflectance and transmittance depending on the external control field can be applicable to new device design (e.g., it can serve as the fundamental working mechanism for photonic switches and photonic logic gates). Some two-input logic gates (e.g., OR and NAND gates) are designed based on the present effect of sensitive switching control that results from the two-photon resonance.
This paper demonstrates switching of a single signal photon by a single gating photon of a different frequency, via a cross-phase-modulation. This effect is mediated by materials exhibiting electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), which are embedded in photonic crystals (PhCs). An analytical model based on waveguide-cavity QED is constructed for our system, which consists of a PhC waveguide and a PhC microcavity containing a four-level EIT atom. It is solved exactly and analyzed using experimentally accessible parameters. It is found that the strong coupling regime is required for lossless two-photon quantum entanglement.
A tripod-configuration four-level atomic system can exhibit nontrivial quantum destructive and constructive interference that could manipulate the optical response of an atomic vapour. It is shown that the tunable double-control electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) would be controlled via the quantum interference between two control fields interacting with the present atomic system. If a metallic waveguide is filled with such a double-control four-level atomic vapour, the quantum vacuum mode structure in the present EIT waveguide would have a novel influence on the atomic spontaneous emission decay (and hence on the EIT optical behavior). As the waveguide dimension change (i.e., the change in length scale of cross section of waveguide) can vary the vacuum mode structure, which can lead to spontaneous emission enhancement or inhibition, the optical response (including absorption and transparency induced by the tunable double-control quantum destructive and constructive interference) of the atomic vapour in the waveguide is quite sensitive to small change in the waveguide dimension caused by external environmental factors (such as electric signal voltage, environmental temperature change and acoustic pressure). The sensitive optical response based on the mechanisms of both double-control quantum interference and quantum-vacuum manipulation presented here may have some potential applications to the technique for designing new photonic and quantum optical devices.