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Three player, Two Strategy, Maximally Entangled Quantum Games

Aden Ahmed, Steven A. Bleiler, Faisal Shah Khan

Published Jan 1, 2008• 3 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We develop an octonionic representation of the payo function for a three player, two strategy, maximally entangled quantum game.

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After a brief exploration of certain topological features of the unit octonions, we identify the Nash equilibria in a quantized version of three-player dilemma game using an octonionic representation of the payoff function. This representation is an important tool for the relative ease in working with octonionic arithmetic as opposed to multi-variant tensors and provides a fresh computational framework that can be utilized for the classification of Nash equilibria in generic three-player two-strategy games. While the full classification of equilibria remains a goal of future research, our representation has already established certain family of equilibria in a quantized version of three-player dilemma game.
This work, based on the author's MA thesis, concentrates on simultaneous move quantum games of two players. A numerical algorithm based on the method of best response functions, designed to search for pure strategy Nash equilibrium in quantum games is constructed. It is then used show that there is a critical degree of entanglement above which a pure strategy Nash Equilibrium does not exist. The behavior of the two payoffs approach the cooperative classical ones. Bayesian quantum games are defined, and it is shown that under certain conditions, there {\it is} a pure strategy Nash equilibrium in such games even when entanglement is maximal. The basic ingredients of a quantum game based on a two-players {\it three} decisions classical games are presented. This requires the definition of trits (instead of bits) and quantum trits (instead of quantum bits). It is shown that in this quantum game, there is no classical commensurability in the sense that the classical strategies are not obtained as a special case of the quantum strategies. An entanglement operator transforming a pure two qutrit state into a maximally entangled one is explicitly constructed.