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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Optical lattice clock: Towards frequency measurement at 10−18 level

Hidetoshi Katori

Published Jan 1, 2006• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We discuss a concept and a projected performance of an “optical lattice clock” as a next generation time and frequency standard. Recent measurements of the clock spectrum as well as its absolute frequency will be presented.
DOI
10.1109/cleo.2006.4628996

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Recently invented and demonstrated optical lattice clocks hold great promise for improving the precision of modern time keeping. These clocks aim at the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ fractional accuracy, which translates into a clock that would neither lose nor gain a fraction of a second over an estimated age of the Universe. In these clocks, millions of atoms are trapped and interrogated simultaneously, dramatically improving clock stability. Here the principles of operation of these clocks are discussed and, in particular, a novel concept of magic trapping of atoms in optical lattices. Recently proposed microwave lattice clocks are also highlights and several applications that employ the optical lattice clocks as a platform for precision measurements and quantum information processing.
At present the optical clock with accuracy and stability achieves to 10-18 level, which could be the next generation of time and frequency standard. This paper gives an introduction of the progress of researching on the optical lattice clock of Strontium atom in NTSC (National Time Service Center). We realize the (5s5s)1S0—(5s5p)1P1 cooling (blue MOT) and (5s5s)1S0—(5s5p)3P1 cooling (red MOT) in succession for the optical lattice clock, and loading these cold atoms in a lattice composed by a magic wave-length is studied. By using our narrow line-width diode laser and the fiber femtosecond optical frequency comb, we precisely measure the absolute frequencies of the inter-combination transitions (5s5s)1S0—(5s5p)3P1 of four isotopes of Strontium referenced to an H maser.
Frequency metrology underpins precise measurements. At the forefront of this field are optical clocks which can perform measurements that are accurate to more digits than those in the number representing seconds elapsed from the beginning of the universe. Frequency estimation errors in the operation of optical clocks lead to frequency instability, prohibiting them from reaching high accuracies on short to medium time scales, and limiting access to interesting measurements of the atomic environment and exotic external perturbations such as gravity fields or fields of fundamentally new physical origins. Optical lattice traps are typically employed in state-of-the-art optical clocks to suppress Doppler effects. By carefully tuning the optical lattice to the magic wavelength, unwanted Stark shifts can be suppressed significantly, allowing operation with thousands of atoms and minimising the fundamental source of frequency estimation errors, namely the quantum projection noise, to around 3 × 10−17 at 1 s. In this thesis, the status of the two Strontium optical lattice clocks at NPL, Sr1 and Sr2, is presented going over a few interesting measurement campaigns from the past years involving Sr1 and the latest experimental efforts to re-enable operation of Sr2. A model of clock stability is developed by incorporating known and new frameworks to characterise the relation between the operating parameters of optical clocks and their performance, with relevance to the NPL lattice clocks and beyond. In particular, a method is identified for addressing the main technical noise for optical lattice clocks, the Dick effect, which typically has a magnitude of 10−16 at 1 s and prevents optical lattice clocks from reaching the quantum projection noise level. By taking advantage of dynamical decoupling we can engineer an optimised duty cycle with benefits in general for systems limited by the optical coherence of the clock laser. Moreover, a study of other noise sources in the NPL lattice clocks is conducted using synchronous measurements between Sr1 and Sr2, revealing a large contribution from linear Zeeman shifts, also at the 10−16 level, and a plan to tackle them is detailed. A hybrid clock architecture is discussed showing how optical lattice clocks can improve the optical coherence of ion clocks thanks to their higher servo rate, and a preliminary experimental demonstration is reported. Finally, a new type of spectroscopy is presented which completely avoids aliasing of linear Zeeman shifts by simultaneously driving transitions with opposite Zeeman sensitivities. Such a technique also enables the continuous interrogation of atoms, a crucial missing component in the Dick-free conveyor belt lattice clock concept heralded as the next standard of stable optical clocks.