Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields

Modified potential and Bohm's quantum-mechanical potential

Edward R. Floyd

Published Sep 15, 1982• 69 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The relationship between the modified potential and Bohm's quantum-mechanical potential is developed. For a given bound-state energy eigenvalue of the Schr\"odinger equation, the modified potential, which is not unique, describes various possible continuous motions. It is shown that all of the various continuous motions of the same energy eigenvalue do generate the same corresponding Schr\"odinger wave function. The parameters which specify these different continuous motions are identified as hidden variables. The equations of motion for a particle with the modified potential differ from those of Bohm.

DOI
10.1103/physrevd.26.1339

Related papers

Closed-form solutions for the modified potential

Edward R. Floyd

Heretofore, the modified potential had to be described by approximation. Now, closed-form solutions may be developed for the modified potential. Closed-form solutions may now prove the hypotheses, which heretofore could only be shown to be plausible, that the quantum-action-variable quantization is precisely consistent with quantization of wave mechanics and that the Schr\"odinger wave function has microstates. An alternate representation of the set of nonlocal hidden variables for determining quantum continuous motion may be developed in terms of the closed-form solutions. The relationship between this alternate representation for the set of nonlocal hidden variables and Ermakov's invariant may now be developed.

Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields•Nov 15, 1986•48 citations

From a Mechanical Lagrangian to the Schrödinger Equation: A Modified Version of the Quantum Newton Law

A. Bouda

In the one-dimensional stationary case, we construct a mechanical Lagrangian describing the quantum motion of a nonrelativistic spinless system. This Lagrangian is written as a difference between a function T, which represents the quantum generalization of the kinetic energy and which depends on the coordinate x and the temporal derivatives of x up the third order, and the classical potential V(x). The Hamiltonian is then constructed and the corresponding canonical equations are deduced. The function T is first assumed to be arbitrary. The development of T in a power series together with the dimensional analysis allow us to fix univocally the series coefficients by requiring that the well-known quantum stationary Hamilton–Jacobi equation be reproduced. As a consequence of this approach, we formulate the law of the quantum motion representing a new version of the quantum Newton law. We also analytically establish the famous Bohm relation [Formula: see text] outside the framework of the hydrodynamical approach and show that the well-known quantum potential, although it is a part of the kinetic term, plays really the role of an additional potential as assumed by Bohm.

arXiv:quant-ph/0210193•International Journal of Modern Physics A•Jul 30, 2003•20 citations

A COMPLETE RE-DERIVATION OF THE HIDDEN VARIABLE EQUATION IN DAVID BOHM’S 1952 PAPERS

Yeuncheol Jeong

Schrodinger’s equation is a basic mathematical expression for a single particle in quantum mechanics. However, its physical meaning has never been assigned in any standard quantum mechanics text book. Here, a detailed complete re-derivation of hidden variable equation in David Bohm’s 1952 papers is given to assign some physical meanings to Schrodinger’s equation. This work shows some required detailed transformation of Schrodinger’s Equation into a form of Newtonian second law of motion with definite trajectory with some initial conditions given. All the quantum effects come from the single localized term called the quantum potential.

International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Review•Jan 1, 2022•0 citations

On quantum potential dynamics

Sheldon Goldstein, Ward Struyve

Non-relativistic de Broglie–Bohm theory describes particles moving under the guidance of the wave function. In de Broglieʼs original formulation, the particle dynamics is given by a first-order differential equation. In Bohmʼs reformulation, it is given by Newtonʼs law of motion with an extra potential that depends on the wave function—the quantum potential—together with a constraint on the possible velocities. It was recently argued, mainly by numerical simulations, that relaxing this velocity constraint leads to a physically untenable theory. We provide further evidence for this by showing that for various wave functions the particles tend to escape the wave packet. In particular, we show that for a central classical potential and bound energy eigenstates the particle motion is often unbounded. This work seems particularly relevant for ways of simulating wave function evolution based on Bohmʼs formulation of the de Broglie–Bohm theory. Namely, the simulations may become unstable due to deviations from the velocity constraint.

arXiv:1312.1990•Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical•Dec 11, 2014•18 citations

On a Parallelism between Classical Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics

Yoshio Nishiyama

Striking parallelism between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics is evidenced for several bound system in a rather general form by introducing reasonably “quantum-mechanical momentum” from the Schrödinger equation. The following are proved: The “quantum-mechanical momentum” which is nearly equal to the corresponding classical momentum in “classical region” can be defined in the whole range of validity of the coordinate for the bound systems. In the same way as in classical mechanics, in quantum mechanics one can construct an associated wave accompanying a motion of a quantum particle and obeying the Schrödinger equation. The uniqueness condition on the associated wave throughout an orbit leads to the boundary condition on the wave function which is composed of the associated wave and to “quantum-mechanical quantization condition”, equivalently. In addition, all these quantum-mechanical quantities are approximately equal to the corresponding classical ones in the “classical region” of the coordinate. In particular it is demonstrated that even for a bound system of a singular (central) potential exists the ground state with the lowest energy eigenvalue. It is proved in one dimension that to any physical system obeying the Schrödinger equation always exists the corresponding classical system.

Progress of Theoretical Physics•Aug 1, 1965•0 citations

The Relation between Classical Mechanics and Wave Mechanics

Yoshio Nishiyama

Introducing a dimensional unit \hbar into classical mechanics, we make classical wave functions √ρ1exp (iS1/\hbar)-√ρ2exp (iS2/\hbar) for a one-particle system in the configuration space where √ρ1exp (iS1/\hbar) corresponds to the incident path (or one half) of an orbit and √ρ2exp (iS2/\hbar) to the outgoing (or another half), and ρ's and S's are densities and actions respectively. These classical wave functions are compared with the corresponding wave functions of solutions of the Schrödinger equation for three one-particle systems, the scattering by a Coulomb potential, the linear harmonic oscillator and an electron bound by a Coulomb potential. From the essential correspondence between them it is concluded that the Schrödinger wave function describes the steady, causal but a little imaginary motion of the one-particle system as √ρexp (iS/\hbar) in the configuration space where ρ is a density and S an action, and that the states which the wave equation describes exist continuously (not discrete) and the (discrete) stationary states are the ones where √ρexp (iS/\hbar) is uniquely determined throughout an orbit. The Dirac equation shows that an electron of optics (or the electromagnetic wave equation) can be considered as the Schrödinger (or Dirac) equation for the motion of a photon, a particle, in a potential. A quantum-electrodynamical wave equation which is composed of the Dirac equation with a Coulomb potential and the electromagnetic wave equation is constructed for the steady motion of a one-electron system without recource to the so-called second-quantization method. It gives finite energy shifts. A line shift is calculated: ΔE(2S1/2 →2P1/2) \cong709 Mc/s.

Progress of Theoretical Physics•Nov 1, 1963•1 citation
The relationship between the modified potential and Bohm's quantum-mechanical potential is developed. For a given bound-state energy eigenvalue of the Schr"odinger equation, the modified potential, which is not unique, describes various possible continuous motions. It is shown that all of the various continuous motions of the same energy eigenvalue do generate the same corresponding Schr"odinger wave function. The parameters which specify these different continuous motions are identified as hidden variables. The equations of motion for a particle with the modified potential differ from those of Bohm.
Heretofore, the modified potential had to be described by approximation. Now, closed-form solutions may be developed for the modified potential. Closed-form solutions may now prove the hypotheses, which heretofore could only be shown to be plausible, that the quantum-action-variable quantization is precisely consistent with quantization of wave mechanics and that the Schr\"odinger wave function has microstates. An alternate representation of the set of nonlocal hidden variables for determining quantum continuous motion may be developed in terms of the closed-form solutions. The relationship between this alternate representation for the set of nonlocal hidden variables and Ermakov's invariant may now be developed.
In the one-dimensional stationary case, we construct a mechanical Lagrangian describing the quantum motion of a nonrelativistic spinless system. This Lagrangian is written as a difference between a function T, which represents the quantum generalization of the kinetic energy and which depends on the coordinate x and the temporal derivatives of x up the third order, and the classical potential V(x). The Hamiltonian is then constructed and the corresponding canonical equations are deduced. The function T is first assumed to be arbitrary. The development of T in a power series together with the dimensional analysis allow us to fix univocally the series coefficients by requiring that the well-known quantum stationary Hamilton–Jacobi equation be reproduced. As a consequence of this approach, we formulate the law of the quantum motion representing a new version of the quantum Newton law. We also analytically establish the famous Bohm relation [Formula: see text] outside the framework of the hydrodynamical approach and show that the well-known quantum potential, although it is a part of the kinetic term, plays really the role of an additional potential as assumed by Bohm.
Schrodinger’s equation is a basic mathematical expression for a single particle in quantum mechanics. However, its physical meaning has never been assigned in any standard quantum mechanics text book. Here, a detailed complete re-derivation of hidden variable equation in David Bohm’s 1952 papers is given to assign some physical meanings to Schrodinger’s equation. This work shows some required detailed transformation of Schrodinger’s Equation into a form of Newtonian second law of motion with definite trajectory with some initial conditions given. All the quantum effects come from the single localized term called the quantum potential.
Non-relativistic de Broglie–Bohm theory describes particles moving under the guidance of the wave function. In de Broglieʼs original formulation, the particle dynamics is given by a first-order differential equation. In Bohmʼs reformulation, it is given by Newtonʼs law of motion with an extra potential that depends on the wave function—the quantum potential—together with a constraint on the possible velocities. It was recently argued, mainly by numerical simulations, that relaxing this velocity constraint leads to a physically untenable theory. We provide further evidence for this by showing that for various wave functions the particles tend to escape the wave packet. In particular, we show that for a central classical potential and bound energy eigenstates the particle motion is often unbounded. This work seems particularly relevant for ways of simulating wave function evolution based on Bohmʼs formulation of the de Broglie–Bohm theory. Namely, the simulations may become unstable due to deviations from the velocity constraint.
Striking parallelism between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics is evidenced for several bound system in a rather general form by introducing reasonably “quantum-mechanical momentum” from the Schrödinger equation. The following are proved: The “quantum-mechanical momentum” which is nearly equal to the corresponding classical momentum in “classical region” can be defined in the whole range of validity of the coordinate for the bound systems. In the same way as in classical mechanics, in quantum mechanics one can construct an associated wave accompanying a motion of a quantum particle and obeying the Schrödinger equation. The uniqueness condition on the associated wave throughout an orbit leads to the boundary condition on the wave function which is composed of the associated wave and to “quantum-mechanical quantization condition”, equivalently. In addition, all these quantum-mechanical quantities are approximately equal to the corresponding classical ones in the “classical region” of the coordinate. In particular it is demonstrated that even for a bound system of a singular (central) potential exists the ground state with the lowest energy eigenvalue. It is proved in one dimension that to any physical system obeying the Schrödinger equation always exists the corresponding classical system.
Introducing a dimensional unit \hbar into classical mechanics, we make classical wave functions √ρ1exp (iS1/\hbar)-√ρ2exp (iS2/\hbar) for a one-particle system in the configuration space where √ρ1exp (iS1/\hbar) corresponds to the incident path (or one half) of an orbit and √ρ2exp (iS2/\hbar) to the outgoing (or another half), and ρ's and S's are densities and actions respectively. These classical wave functions are compared with the corresponding wave functions of solutions of the Schrödinger equation for three one-particle systems, the scattering by a Coulomb potential, the linear harmonic oscillator and an electron bound by a Coulomb potential. From the essential correspondence between them it is concluded that the Schrödinger wave function describes the steady, causal but a little imaginary motion of the one-particle system as √ρexp (iS/\hbar) in the configuration space where ρ is a density and S an action, and that the states which the wave equation describes exist continuously (not discrete) and the (discrete) stationary states are the ones where √ρexp (iS/\hbar) is uniquely determined throughout an orbit. The Dirac equation shows that an electron of optics (or the electromagnetic wave equation) can be considered as the Schrödinger (or Dirac) equation for the motion of a photon, a particle, in a potential. A quantum-electrodynamical wave equation which is composed of the Dirac equation with a Coulomb potential and the electromagnetic wave equation is constructed for the steady motion of a one-electron system without recource to the so-called second-quantization method. It gives finite energy shifts. A line shift is calculated: ΔE(2S1/2 →2P1/2) \cong709 Mc/s.